Glossary sponsored by Monahan & Cohen

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AAC: Acronym for augmentative and alternative communication. AAC is a broad term for forms of communication that supplement or enhance speech. Examples of AAC include electronic devices, picture boards, and sign language.
ABA: Acronym for applied behavior analysis. Approach to teaching behaviors and cognitive skills to children with autism. ABA uses careful monitoring and positive reinforcement or prompting to teach each step of a behavior.
Actoplus MET^®: Generic name is pioglitazone hydrochloride and metformin hydrochloride. Usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes in patients who are not helped by treatment with metformin or pioglitazone alone. This combination medication works by decreasing insulin resistance and by improving sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism.
Actos^®: Generic name is pioglitazone hydrochloride. Actos^® is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Actos^® works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Actos^® has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Actos^® is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism.
acupuncture: Chinese medicine practice of treating or changing the body by inserting needles into specific points in the body. Acupuncture is a complimentary and alternative therapy that is used in many countries to treat a variety of conditions and illnesses. Acupuncture has been used to treat some people with autism. One small study showed that acupuncture helped children with autism progress more in speech therapy than children who did not get acupuncture.
adaptive behavior: New behavior that has come from changing a negative behavior into something that is better or more useful. For example, a person who repetitively bangs on something might be taught to use their banging for something useful, helpful, or more acceptable, like making music with a drum.
additive-free diet: Alternative therapy used to treat autism in which all foods containing preservatives and artificial colors are removed from the diet.
ADHD: Acronym for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.
affirmative sentence: Sentence used in a social story that give the point of view of the people involved in the situation or the general culture. An example of an affirmative sentence is: “That is okay with everyone.”
agonist: Chemical that binds to the same receptor as a chemical naturally found in the body and/or brain, and functions like that chemical. For example, a dopamine agonist activates dopamine receptors even though it is not dopamine.
agranulocytosis: Condition defined as a lack of granulocytes. Granulocytes are white blood cells that help fight infections. Agranulocytosis can be severe and potentially fatal because of dangerous infections that don't go away. This condition can be a side effect of some medications such as clozapine. Therefore people taking clozapine need to be carefully monitored for changes in their white blood cells.
aided augmentative and alternative communication: Acronym is aided AAC. Type of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Aided AAC uses objects beyond the person’s body to supplement or stimulate speech. For example, the picture-exchange communication system (PECS) is a type of aided AAC that uses pictures to communicate ideas or actions. See augmentative and alternative communication.
aided language modeling: Or ALM. ALM is a type of communication tool that is used to help people communicate. ALM uses symbols to communicate instead of spoken or written words. ALM is being explored as a tool that may help children with autism who do not talk very much tell others what they are thinking and feeling.
ALM: Acronym for aided language modeling. ALM is a type of communication tool that is used to help people communicate. ALM uses symbols to communicate instead of spoken or written words. ALM is being explored as a tool that may help children with autism who do not talk very much tell others what they are thinking and feeling.
alternative therapy: Treatment that may not currently be accepted in conventional medical practice, and may not be supported by scientific evidence. Alternative therapies may be helpful for some people.
Anafranil^®: Generic name is clomipramine hydrochloride. This medication is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is usually used to treat depression in adults. It is also approved for use in children (at least 8 years old) to treat obsessions and compulsions associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect from the drug is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
androgen: Category of hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of male organs and traits. Testosterone is a type of androgen.
androstenedione: Male hormone that is processed in the body to make testosterone. Androstenedione itself can work as a weak male hormone.
antagonist: Chemical that binds to a receptor and lowers or inhibits the normal receptor activity. For example, a dopamine receptor antagonist inhibits the normal functions of the dopamine receptor.
anti-oxidant: Chemical that makes free radicals less damaging by stabilizing them. Many vitamins are anti-oxidants.
antibiotic: Medication or drug that is used to treat bacterial infections.
anticonvulsant: Medication that prevents convulsing or seizures that occur with epilepsy. Epilepsy occurs in as many as 1 out of every 4 people with autism, and anticonvulsants are prescribed to help reduce seizures.
antidepressant: Medication that helps recovery from depression. Antidepressants are also used to treat other nervous system conditions or disorders, such as autism.
antipsychotic: Medication that is usually used to treat psychosis, which is a mental state that involves a loss of contact with reality. Antipsychotics are also used to treat other nervous system conditions or disorders, such as autism.
anxiety: Distress or uneasiness caused by fear of something bad that might happen. People with autism can have anxiety about things that most people do not feel anxious about.
applied behavior analysis: Or ABA. An approach to teaching behaviors and cognitive skills to children with autism. Applied behavior analysis uses careful monitoring and positive reinforcement or prompting to teach each step of a behavior.
Aricept^®: Generic name is donepezil hydrochloride. Aricept^® is available as tablets or orally-disintegrating tablets (ODT). It is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept^® may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept^® are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
Aricept^® ODT: Generic name is donepezil hydrochloride. Aricept^® ODT is the orally-disintegrating tablet form of Aricept^®. It is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept^® or Aricept^® ODT may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept^® or Aricept^® ODT are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
ASD: Acronym for autism spectrum disorder(s). A diagnostic term that includes a range of neurodevelopmental disorders with varying degrees of severity. ASDs are marked by difficulty or impairments in communication skills and social interactions, and the presence of repetitive or stereotypical behaviors like hand-flapping. Autism disorder is the term for a severe form of autism on this spectrum. Autism spectrum disorders include autism disorder, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegration disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The term “autism” is usually used to describe disorders included on the autism spectrum.
Asperger Syndrome: Neurobiological pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by deficiencies in social and communication skills. Individuals with Asperger (or Asperger's) syndrome often have average or above average intelligence and typical language development. Asperger syndrome can be difficult to diagnose.
Asperger's: See Asperger Syndrome in the glossary.
Asperger's Syndrome: See Asperger Syndrome in the glossary.
assistive technology: Augmentative and alternative curriculum (AAC) interventions aided with technically advanced tools, such as VOCAs (see VOCA) or computers.
Ativan^®: Generic name is lorazepam. Ativan^® is an antianxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Ativan^® is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression.
atomoxetine: Brand name is Strattera^®. Atomoxetine (atomoxetine hydrochloride) may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Atomoxetine is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atomoxetine works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Or ADHD. ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.
atypical antipsychotics: Also called second-generation antipsychotics. This class of medications is used to treat psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These medications are also prescribed off-label for some people with autism to help reduce aggression and other negative behaviors. Atypical antipsychotics are defined only by being different from typical antipsychotics. Therefore, the class of atypical antipsychotics includes medications that work in a wide variety of ways. Currently atypical antipsychotics are considered first choice over typical antipsychotics because of fewer side effects than the typical antipsychotics in most people. Examples of atypical antipsychotics include clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine.
auditory integration training: Non-biologic alternative therapy for autism involving repeated exposure to sounds.
augmentative and alternative communication: Or AAC. Augmentative and alternative communication is a broad term for forms of communication that supplement or enhance speech, including electronic devices, picture boards, and sign language.
autism: Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).
autism disorder: Diagnostic term for a severe form of autism, which is a type of autism spectrum disorder. Autism disorder is on the autism spectrum and is characterized by severe disabilities in language and communication, and severe stereotypical behaviors.
autism spectrum disorder: Or ASD. A diagnostic term that includes a range of neurodevelopmental disorders with varying degrees of severity. ASDs are marked by difficulty or impairments in communication skills and social interactions, and the presence of repetitive or stereotypical behaviors like hand-flapping. Autism disorder is the term for a severe form of autism on this spectrum. Autism spectrum disorders include autism disorder, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegration disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The term “autism” is usually used to describe disorders included on the autism spectrum.
aversive techniques: Loud noises or restraints used to discourage undesirable behavior in the applied behavior analysis (ABA) method. These techniques are no longer acceptable to most parents and practitioners.
behavioral observation: Notice what leads up to a particular behavior, including the time/place and interactions surrounding the behavior.
behavioral optometry: Non-biologic alternative vision therapy for autism in which prisms or other special lenses are used to alter vision.
beta endorphins: Peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors in the brain. Beta endorphins can reduce the sensation of pain, and affect feelings; for example, release of beta endorphins in the body during exercise is thought to cause the feeling of "runner’s high."
biologic: Product that is made from a living source that is used to cause a change or treatment in the body. Biologics include products like antibodies, blood or plasma transfusions, vaccines, and some hormone treatments.
biomarker: Biological indicators or markers for a particular condition or state in the body. For example, if the biomarker for a disorder is present in an individual, that person is likely to have the disorder.
biomedical: Use of knowledge of biology and biochemistry to improve human health in clinical medicine. In the context of autism therapy, it involves looking for and correcting underling biological causes of behaviors.
bipolar disorder: Category of mood disorders that includes feelings ranging from extreme happiness or euphoria (mania), to sullenness and depression, and often include switching from one extreme to the other. These feelings are often more extreme than what most people would experience under the same circumstances.
bipolar mania: Mood disorder categorized by extreme happiness or euphoria that is more extreme than what most people would experience under the same circumstances, and can cycle with depression in bipolar disorder.
Buspar^®: Generic name is buspirone hydrochloride. Buspar^® is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspar^® may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspar^® has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism.
buspirone: Brand name is Buspar^®. Buspirone (buspirone hydrochloride) is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspirone may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspirone has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism.
CAI: Acronym for computer-assisted instruction. Using computers to help in the teaching of children with autism.
calcium: Essential mineral found in dairy products and green leafy vegetables. Calcium is important for overall health as well as brain and muscle function.
carbamazepine: Brand name is Tegretol^®, Carbatrol^®, or Equetro^®. Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Carbamazepine may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.
Carbatrol^®: Generic name is carbamazepine. Carbatrol^® is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Carbatrol^® may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Carbatrol^® can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.
case study: Intensive study of a single child with the intention of generalizing the findings to a larger population.
casein-free diet: Dietary change used as an alternative therapy for autism. All foods with the milk protein casein (including all dairy products) are removed from the diet. Casein can also be found in other baked goods or prepared foods.
casomorphines: Protein by-products (peptides) that resemble morphine. The body naturally makes these peptides from casein (milk protein).
catatonia: Neurological disorder with symptoms of rigid, hard, and insensitive muscles. Some people with autism can have symptoms of catatonia. It is important for physicians to distinguish between catatonia and autism when diagnosing some individuals. Catatonia can be helped with medications such as lorazepam (Ativan^®).
CDC: Acronym for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Agency of the U.S. government that is responsible for monitoring occupational and public health. The URL is www.cdc.gov.
cell membrane: Boundary of cells in the body and brain; made of lipids (fats) and proteins.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Acronym is CDC. Agency of the U.S. government that is responsible for monitoring occupational and public health. The URL is www.cdc.gov.
cerebellum: Region of the brain that controls posture, balance, and coordination. The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum. This region is important for learned physical skills. For example, the cerebellum is important for learning to ride a bike. When the skill of riding a bike becomes automatic, the cerebellum is the region where this takes place.
cerebral cortex: Part of the brain which is the outer layer of the cerebrum, with deep valleys and ridges. It is the part of the brain that most people see in pictures of a brain. The cerebral cortex is gray in color, and is often referred to as gray matter. This region is where information processing, critical thinking, and reasoning take place. It is made up of several areas called lobes.
cerebrum: Largest region of the brain where perception, imagination, conscious thought, and decision-making occur. The cerebrum is divided into several lobes. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum.
certified behavior analyst: ABA practitioner who has been certified by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) will place “BCAB” or “BCABA” after their name. The Web site lists certified behavior analysts and credential requirements. The URL is www.bacb.com.
child-specific interventions: Interventions or therapies that are designed to meet the needs of an individual child. For example, a social story can be tailored to meet a specific social need of a child, such as getting on a school bus. Alternatively, a music therapist can create a child-specific song that can be sung to a child as he enters a classroom to help the child transition to school each morning.
childhood disintegration disorder: Type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by late onset (>3 years of age) developmental delays in language, social skills, and motor skills. Skills in these areas that had been learned can be lost as the child grows older.
cholinergic: Type of neurotransmitter system that is involved in learning, short-term memory, arousal, and reward. Some psychotropic medications used to treat people with autism affect the cholinergic system. One example of such a medication is memantine. Memantine has been reported to have helped some children with autism feel less irritable. Memantine was also reported to have improved speech and behavior for people with autism.
chromium: Essential mineral that is important in regulating sugar metabolism.
circle of friends: Program designed to include an entire classroom in the process of creating a web of friendships for a child.
clomipramine: Brand name is Anafranil^®. Clomipramine (clomipramine hydrochloride) is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat depression in adults; approved for use in people who are at least 8 years old for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and to treat other types of obsessions and compulsions. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Clostridial: Type of bacteria that are common in our environment and particularly like to live in soil. When Clostridium bacteria are stressed, they produce spores. Clostridial spores are very hardy and can survive more extreme conditions than the bacteria. The spores also produce toxins that can make people sick. Clostridial spores are known for causing botulism (food poisoning) and tetanus. Some children with autism have been treated with antibiotics to rid the body of possible Clostridial spores. Some of these children showed improvement with this treatment.
clozapine: Brand name is Clozaril^®. This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozapine lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozapine is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As a rare side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking clozapine need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects.
Clozaril^®: Generic name is clozapine. This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozaril^® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozaril^® is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking Clozaril^® need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects.
co-morbid: Medical term for two or more conditions occurring or existing in the same individual at the same time. For example, autism and epilepsy are said to be co-morbid when someone has both conditions.
cognition: Memory, analysis, and problem-solving skills.
cognitive: Associated with memory, analysis, and problem-solving skills.
collateral skills interventions: Interventions in which children with autism improve their social skills as a result of training in seemingly unrelated skills. For example, acting out dramatic scripts involving social interactions uses the collateral skill of acting to learn social skills.
communication partner: Parent, caregiver, therapist, or peer who participates in communication with a person with autism. For example, the communication partner is the one who received a PECS picture card, comments on the item (“Oh! You want juice!”), and then offers the child the item.
comprehension: An understanding of the meaning of spoken or written communication.
comprehensive interventions: Interventions designed to improve social skills that use more than one of four intervention types: 1) ecological variations; 2) collateral skills interventions; 3)child-specific interventions; and 4) peer-mediated techniques).
computer-assisted instruction: Or CAI. Using computers instead of people to teach children with autism.
concurrent: More than one activity, treatment, or therapy that is going on during the same time period. For example, a child with autism may receive concurrent speech therapy and occupational therapy.
control: As in scientific control. An untreated condition or group in a scientific study or experiment that is used to compare the treated condition or group, and to observe possible changes that occur because of the treatment. Well-designed experiments and studies use good controls.
control sentence: Sentence used in a social story written by an autistic child to help him or her remember coping strategies. For example, “I can hold on to my string while I decide.”
controlled study: Experiment using good scientific methods, including double-blind procedures and placebo controls.
cooperative sentence: Sentence used in a social story that tells the child what others will do to help him or her. For example, “The grown-up will go get the shoes for me.”
copper: Essential mineral that is toxic at high doses. Copper is important for overall health especially enzyme function.
craniosacral manipulation: Non-biologic alternative therapy for autism in which the upper neck is moved or manipulated by a trained practitioner.
DCD: Acronym for dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder. Disorder resulting in problems with planning and motor coordination.
deficiency: Having less than normal levels of something.
deficient: State of having less than normal levels of something.
Depakene^®: Generic name is valproic acid. Depakene^® available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
Depakote^®: Generic name is divalproex sodium (contains sodium valproate and valproic acid). Depakote^® is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. Depakote^® is usually prescribed to treat mania in people with manic-depressive disorder, to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, and to prevent migraines. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of Depakote^® need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
depression: As in clinical depression. Psychiatric disorder that is characterized by persistent low mood, lower ability to experience pleasure, and lack of interest in normal daily activities.
descriptive sentence: Sentence used in a social story that gives the who, what, where, and/or why of a social situation. For example, “There will be many shoes to choose from at the shoe store.”
developmental coordination disorder: Or DCD. Also called dyspraxia. Disorder resulting in problems with planning and motor coordination.
DHA: Acronym for (docosahexaenoic acid). An omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) that is very important in neurotransmission.
Diastat^®: Generic name is diazepam. Diastat^® is a sedative in a rectal gel form. Diastat^® is administered to people who are having severe seizures as a short-term treatment. Diastat^® may be prescribed for people with autism who also have epilepsy, and would usually be administered during the seizure.
diazepam: Brand name is Valium^®, Valium Injection^® or Diastat^® (a rectal gel form). Diazepam is a sedative that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce aggression and anxiety, or for seizures. The response to diazepam can vary between individuals with autism, so each individual should be monitored carefully. Diazepam is indicated for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as supplemental medication for severe seizure disorders.
DIR^®: Methodology that is used to help build social interactions with other people. In the name, “D” stands for developmental, “I” stands for individual difference, and “R” stands for relationship-based. This method emphasizes meaningful play and relationship building that is tailored to each child.
directive sentence: Sentence used in a social story that tells the child what behavior is appropriate. For example, “When I decide about the shoes, I will tell the grown-up.”
discrete trial training: Training that focuses on a single cycle of a behaviorally-based instruction routine, or in other words, one round of trying a behavior.
docosahexaenoic acid: Or DHA. An omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) that is very important in neurotransmission.
donepezil: Brand name is Aricept^® or Aricept^® ODT. Donepezil (donepezil hydrochloride) is available as tablets or orally-disintegrating tablets (ODT), and indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, donepezil hydrochloride may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of donepezil hydrochloride are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
dopamine: Chemical that is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Dopamine is important for normal functions of neurons, and plays a role in turning neurons on. Dopamine is important in many nervous system functions, including mood, sleep, movement, and motivation.
double-blind: Non-biased method of testing the possible effects of a treatment. In a double-blind test, the people who are rating its effectiveness do not know whether the person they are rating has actually received the treatment or placebo. The person they are rating (who took the possible treatment) also does not know.
drug: Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
dyslexia: Disorder resulting in problems with reading.
dyspraxia: Or DCD. Also called developmental coordination disorder. Disorder resulting in problems with planning and motor coordination.
early intervention: Assessment and treatment of a child as early as possible. Early intervention typically describes treatment between the ages and 0 and 3 and certainly before the age of four.
eclectic treatment: Intervention for children with autism that combines multiple approaches or treatments. A child who receives eclectic treatment might have a therapy program that includes picture exchange communication systems (PECS), sensory integration, speech therapy, and TEACHH activities. The eclectic treatment approach is currently widely used in public schools and special education programs.
ecological variation: Changes in the environment of the child with the hope of achieving a therapeutic goal. Ecological variations can include physical changes to the environment or social groupings of children, For example, changing work materials so that they are more appealing to the child is an ecological variation. Inclusion of children with special needs in a mainstream classroom is also considered an ecological variation.
edetate calcium disodium: Brand name is Versenate^®. Edatate calcium disodium chelates or strongly binds to divalent and trivalent metals including lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, and mercury. Edetate calcium disodium is usually prescribed and administered by a physician for metal poisoning, particularly lead, and may be used in children with autism to reduce heavy metals in their body in an effort to improve behaviors. Versenate^® may be prescribed for children, although serious side effects, including death can occur from administration of Versenate^® to children. Edatate calcium disodium or Versenate^® has been confused with Endrate^® (edentate disodium). Endrate^® is usually administered only to adults under emergency circumstances because of the risk of death. Endrate^® should not be used in children, according to the FDA and the CDC. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision.
edetate disodium: Brand name is Endrate^®. Endrate disodium is administered intravenously and is recommended for use only under circumstances of severe cases of metal poisoning. This is because administration of edetate disodium poses the risk of serious side effects, including death. Edetate disodium chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. It is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults). According to the FDA and CDC, edetate disodium should not be used in children because of the risk of death. Edetate disodium or Endrate^® has been confused with Versenate^® (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate^® has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision.
EFA: Acronym for essential fatty acids. Type of fatty acid that must be provided in the diet in order to meet the needs of the body and brain. They have to come from the diet because the body cannot make them from other nutrients.
eicosapentaenoic acid: Acronym for EPA. An omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) that is very important in neurotransmission.
elimination diet: Type of alternative therapy for autism in which particular foods are eliminated from the child’s diet.
emergent: Refers to something that is developing and will soon be observed. For example, as children with autism learn speech, it is said that their language is emergent. It implies that the skill is in the process of showing or emerging.
Endrate^®: Generic name is edetate disodium. Endrate^® is administered I.V., and recommended only for severe cases of metal poisoning because of the risk of serious side effects, including death. Endrate^® chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. Endrate^® is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults. Endrate^® should not be used in children because of the risk of death, according to the FDA and the CDC. Endrate^® has been confused with Versenate^® (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate^® has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision.
environment: All parts that make up an area surrounding something. Environment can include the environment outside, such as the air, ground, plants, and other parts of the outdoors. Environment can also refer to things inside, such as a classroom environment that includes teachers, other children, and books.
enzyme: Category of biochemicals in the body that help many normal and important chemical reactions occur, such as making neurotransmitters.
EPA: Acronym for eicosapentaenoic acid. Type of omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) that is very important in neurotransmission.
epilepsy: Category of various conditions that lead to seizures, which occur several times, and usually without a specific trigger. People can have a seizure and not have epilepsy.
Equetro^®: Generic name is carbamazepine. Equetro^® is a medication provided as extended-release capsules, and is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro^® can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.
Eskalith CR^®: Generic name lithium carbonate; this medication is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith^® is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR^® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith^® in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them.
Eskalith^®: Generic name is lithium carbonate. This medication is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith^® is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR^® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith^® in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them.
essential fatty acids: Or EFAs. Type of fatty acid that must be provided in the diet in order to meet the needs of the body and brain. They have to come from the diet because the body cannot make them from other nutrients.
essential nutrients: Nutrients such as vitamin, mineral, or fatty acid that can only be obtained from the diet. For example, vitamin C is an essential nutrient. Essential nutrients cannot be made by the body. When the body makes a nutrient from other foods or nutrients, that is called a non-essential nutrient.
etiology: In the medical field, etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease. Many scientists are studying the etiology of autism, but no single cause has been defined.
facilitated communication: Communication technique that involves a facilitator who places his hand over the patient's hand, arm or wrist. For example, the facilitator and patient place their hands on a board or keyboard with letters, words, or pictures and communicate the patient’s thoughts, some of which can be quite complex.
fade: To gradually stop using a tool once it is no longer needed.
false-belief test: Test used to determine whether a child understands that the point of view of another person may not be the same as his or her own.
Fazaclo^®: Generic name is clozapine. An antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Fazaclo^® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Fazaclo^® is the orally disintegrating tablet form of clozapine. Clozapine is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking clozapine need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects.
FCT: Acronym for functional communication training. FCT is an AAC intervention meant to reduce problem behaviors by teaching a child to use communication symbols or words written on cards to get across their needs and wants. For example, a child holds a card printed with “I don’t want to do this.”
FDA: Acronym for Food and Drug Administration, The FDA is a U.S. government agency that is responsible for assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation; for example, prescription drugs are regulated by the FDA. The URL is www.fda.gov.
Floortime: Approach that focuses on parents and other individuals spending meaningful interaction time with children to enhance their emotional and social development. For children with autism, Floortime™ is used to help build social interactions with other people. The name comes from the goal of adults getting on the floor with children for meaningful play. The approach emphasizes dealing with children at their level to engage them in a fun way. Floortime™ is part of a broader program called DIR^®/Floortime™ (see DIR^®).
fluency: Ability to speak, write, or communicate effectively with ease.
fluency building: Building up complex behaviors by teaching each element of those behaviors until they require less effort.
fluoxetine: Brand name is Prozac® or Sarafem®; also in Symbyax® in combination with olanzapine. Fluoxetine (fluoxetine hydrochloride) is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, fluoxetine can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Fluoxetine is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
fluvoxamine maleate: Brand name is Luvox^®. This medication is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with OCD who are at least 8 years old. Luvox^® is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
folate: Vitamin that is important for making and maintaining new cells. Folate is given as a supplement as an alternative therapy for autism. Folate helps the brain make neurotransmitters, and is very important for nervous system development.
Food and Drug Administration: Or FDA. A U.S. government agency that is responsible for assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation; for example, prescription drugs are regulated by the FDA. The URL is www.fda.gov.
Fortamet^®: Generic name is metformin hydrochloride. This medication is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Fortamet^® works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin hydrochloride with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication.
Fragile X Syndrome: Or FXS. Family of genetic disorders defined by gene changes in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. FXS is the most common inherited form of mental retardation, and approximately 25% of children with FXS have autism. About 2.5-6% of children with autism have FXS.
free radicals: Chemicals that can cause damage to living systems by changing the chemical structures of many of their biological compounds.
free-operant behavior: Behavior that occurs without prompting or restrictions during a behavioral intervention or evaluation. For example, a study evaluated ways to help children with autism cope with being interrupted. The child was performing tasks that they wanted to do (free-operant behavior) when the researcher interrupted their task.
frontal cortex: Region of the brain involved in planning, reasoning, movement, personality, and intelligence. Judgment and impulse control also occur in this region. Some therapies or interventions target this region of the brain. For example, interactive metronome therapy is thought to help strengthen the frontal cortex region. Also called frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
functional communication training: Or FCT. AAC intervention meant to reduce problem behaviors by teaching a child to use communication symbols or words written on cards to get across their needs and wants. For example, a child holds a card printed with “I don’t want to do this.”
FXS: Acronym for Fragile X Syndrome. Family of genetic disorders defined by gene changes in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. FXS is the most common inherited form of mental retardation, and approximately 25% of children with FXS have autism. About 2.5-6% of children with autism have FXS.
G.I.: Acronym for gastrointestinal tract. Refers to the parts of the body involved in eating, drinking, digestion, all the way through to making waste products in the feces. These parts include the throat, stomach, intestines, and colon. The G.I. tract does not include kidneys and making urine.
gastrointestinal tract: Or G.I. tract. Refers to the parts of the body involved in eating and drinking, digestion, all the way through to making waste products in the feces or stools. These parts include the throat, stomach, intestines, and colon. The G.I. tract does not include kidneys and other parts involved in making urine (those parts are part of the urinary tract).
gene expression: Genes provide the code or instructions for the body to make specific proteins. When the gene is expressed, it is turned on and the specific protein is made.
generalization: When a child learns a new skill and is able to perform that skill not just in front of the therapist, but in many different settings. For example, a child can learn to initiate conversation with a therapist and that is considered an accomplishment. A more wonderful accomplishment, however, is when the child is able to generalize the behavior and initiate conversation with his classmates at school. Other similar terms include generalizable and generalize.
generalized imitation: Theory that a young child learns by first imitating behavior of others around them, and then gradually learns to use the behavior on their own. Imitation is usually reinforced when people they are imitating give them praise and smiles for their good behavior.
Geodon^®: Generic name is ziprasidone. Geodon^® is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, aggression, self-abusive behavior, temper tantrums, lability (mood swings), social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors. Geodon^® is currently in clinical trials to test effectiveness in children with autism. Some children have improved with treatment. Geodon^® is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Geodon^® works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system.
Gestalt therapy: Type of psychotherapy that focuses on individual experience and the context that experiences occur in. This psychotherapy emphasizes personal adjustments that people can make in different circumstances. It also emphasizes personal responsibility. The therapy involves communication and personal relationship built between the therapist and their patient. Gestalt therapy is being explored for effectiveness in helping people with autism.
glial cells: Cells in the nervous system that support neurons by providing nutrients and performing other tasks including some immune and biochemical functions. For example, glial cells may play a role in managing the amount of glutamate (important for energy) in areas around neurons.
Glumetza^®: Generic name is metformin hydrochloride. Glumetza^® is the extended release tablet form of metformin. Glumetza^® is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Glumetza^® works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In children with autism, taking Glumetza^® with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication.
glutamate: Amino acid that is found throughout the body and is present in many proteins. Glutamate is also important in metabolism, the chemical process that generates energy in the body, and functions as a neurotransmitter that can turn on or trigger signals in neurons.
gluten-free diet: Dietary change used as an alternative therapy for autism. All foods with gluten (e.g., barley, rye, oats, and wheat) are removed from the diet.
gluteomorphines: Protein by-products (peptides) that resemble morphine. The body naturally makes these peptides from gluten (milk protein).
Haldol^®: Generic name is haloperidol. Haldol^® is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol^® is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol^® is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol^® can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness.
haloperidol: tranquilizing medicine used to treat psychiatric symptoms
haloperidol: Brand name is Haldol^®. Haloperidol is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. It is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Haloperidol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness.
HBOT: Acronym for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This therapy is the medical use of oxygen at pressures higher than that found naturally at normal atmospheric pressure. HBOT is used medically for a variety of conditions. HBOT is being explored for effectiveness in helping children with autism. There have been reports of HBOT improving language skills and social interaction in children with autism.
high functioning: Refers to higher skill levels in people who have some kind of special need or impairment. For people with autism, there is a range of severity of autism between individuals. For example, someone who has good communication skills and appropriate behaviors is said to be high functioning.
high-functioning: See high functioning in the glossary
holistic medicine: Approach to medical care that evaluates and treats all aspects of the person. Holistic medicine considers physical, emotional, cultural, economic, and psychological aspects of the person’s health.
hormones: Broad term that refers to chemicals in the body that can cause a change in the body that is away from the place where the chemical was made. For example, melatonin is a hormone produced in the pineal gland that can have many different effects on the body, such as inducing sleepiness.
hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Or HBOT. This therapy is the medical use of oxygen at pressures higher than that found naturally at normal atmospheric pressure. HBOT is used medically for a variety of conditions. HBOT is being explored for effectiveness in helping children with autism. There have been reports of HBOT improving language skills and social interaction in children with autism.
I.M.: Acronym for intramuscular. Route to give medication by injecting into muscle tissue.
I.V.: Acronym for intravenous. Route for giving medications or other liquids (i.e. salt solutions or liquid foods) by injection directly into blood vessels. Single injections or bags of fluids may be given I.V.
idiopathic: Of unknown cause.
immune system: System in the body that normally fights infections and other diseases such as cancer.
immune treatment: Alternative therapy used to treat autism in which a substance or substances are given to the child that are meant to improve the functioning of the immune system.
incidental learning: Learning while being around other people or situations, without specific instruction or teaching. For example, some children with autism experience incidental learning by going into a group setting with higher-functioning children.
incidental teaching: A tool of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) in which a desired behavior is taught using behavioral techniques in the course of day-to-day experience and interaction.
Inderal^®: Generic name is propranolol. Known as a beta-blocker, this medication is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Inderal^® is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Inderal^® is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. Inderal^® LA is a long-acting form of Inderal^®.
indications: As in drug indications. Conditions for FDA-approved use of a drug or medication, defined by the disease or condition that a drug would be used to treat. Indications may include other details for treatment, such as an age range of patients that the drug would be used for. Physicians are allowed to use personal judgment and prescribe medication for a non-indicated or "off-label" use when the physician has determined that the medication may help someone with a different condition than what the FDA has indicated (see off-label).
inflammation: Broad term that refers to a stimulated immune response. The immune system normally fights infections and kills cancer cells. Inflammation is the process that the immune system normally uses to do these tasks. Sometimes inflammation can occur for other reasons when there is no infection or cancer. Scientists are exploring the idea that inflammation in the brain may contribute to autism symptoms for some people.
interactive metronome therapy: Therapy that encourages coordinating rhythmic sounds with physical movements. This therapy is being used for some children with autism. The child listens to specific segments of rhythms, and learns to clap at the same time. It is thought that this therapy can help build up functions in the frontal cortex of the brain.
interdependent: Processes or behaviors that depend on one another.
intervention: An action taken to help the person improve their health and behaviors. For people with autism, interventions can include behavioral therapy, nutritional supplements, medical therapy, and others. For example, ABA therapy is a type of intervention designed to help children with autism improve behaviors.
intramuscular: Or I.M. Route to give medication by injecting into muscle tissue.
intravenous: Or I.V. Route for giving medications or other liquids (i.e. salt solutions or liquid foods) by injection directly into blood vessels. Single injections or bags of fluids may be given I.V.
isoprostane: Biomarker for the damage of cell membranes by free radicals. Isoprostane is a chemical that is made when cell membranes are damaged.
Lamictal^®: Generic name is lamotrigine. Lamictal^® is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamictal^® is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamictal^® seems to change how neurons turn on and off, which affects the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional.
lamotrigine: Brand name is Lamictal^®. Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamotrigine is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamotrigine changes how neurons turn on and off, and the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional.
lithium carbonate: Brand name is Eskalith^® or Eskalith CR^®. Lithium carbonate is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Lithium is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR^® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of lithium in children with autism has not been proven but early studies suggest that lithium may help some children.
lorazepam: Brand name is Ativan^®. Lorazepam is an antianxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Lorazepam is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression.
Luvox^®: Generic name is fluvoxamine maleate. Luvox^® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who are at least 8 years old. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect of Luvox^® is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully against the clinical need for the drug. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
magnesium: Essential mineral that is needed for the health of every cell in the body.
mainstream: In education, refers to the classroom setting where normally-functioning children learn during the school day. For children with autism or other special needs, attending classes with normally-functioning children is called mainstreaming.
mainstreaming: See mainstream in glossary.
maintenance: In regard to behavior, maintenance is when a behavior or concept is used correctly without prompting or reinforcement.
mand: Prompt for an item. For example, clapping hands to ask for a glass of milk.
mand training: Form of behavioral training that uses prompting and reinforcing requests for items (referred to as mands). For example, teaching someone to clap hands to ask for a glass of milk is mand training.
mania: Mood disorder of extreme happiness or euphoria that is not appropriate for the circumstances, and often cycles with depression in bipolar disorder.
mechanism: In biology, refers to the biological processes that are responsible for some physical or behavioral effect.
medication: Another word for drug; chemical or medication that leads to change in the body, usually with the goal of improving health (in some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs). Includes medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medicines.
melatonin: Hormone naturally produced by a gland in the brain called the pineal gland. Melatonin is important for regulating sleep and other body functions. Melatonin can cause a feeling of sleepiness.
memantine: Brand name is Namenda^®. Memantine (memantine hydrochloride) is available as tablets or oral solution and is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. For people with autism, memantine may be prescribed off-label to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Memantine is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors).
metabolism: Processes of build-up and break-down of chemicals in the brain and body.
metformin: Brand name is Fortamet^® or Glumetza^® (extended release tablet form). Metformin (metformin hydrochloride) is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Metformin works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication.
Methylin^®: Generic name is methylphenidate hydrochloride; Methylin^® is in chewable tablet form. Methylin Oral^® is in liquid form, and Methylin Oral^® and Methylin^® are mild central nervous system stimulants. Methylin Oral^® or Methylin^® may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylin Oral^® and Methylin^® are indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).
methylphenidate: Brand name is Ritalin^®, Ritalin LA^®, Methylin Oral^®, or Methylin^®. Methylphenidate is a mild central nervous system stimulant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times). Also called methylphenidate hydrochloride.
mGluR5 antagonist: Acronym for mouse glutamate receptor 5 antagonist. A new class of drugs that is being explored to treat autism. mGluR5 antagonists have been used successfully in treating mental retardation in fragile X mice, although they have not been tested yet in humans. These drugs lower signaling of a type of glutamate receptor in mice. These receptors are important for functions of the nervous system and may be working too much in some people with Fragile X syndrome or autism.
microcolumn: Type of structural unit of brain cells and connective wiring in the brain. Each microcolumn is a unit of brain processing for taking information in and processing the information for a response. The size, number, and shape of microcolumns may be different in individuals with autism, according to recent research. Such differences are called microcolumnopathies.
microcolumnopathy: Changes in the size or shape of microcolumns in the brain. Recent studies suggested that there may be microcolumnopathy in brains of people with autism. The microcolumns were smaller and more numerous in brains of people with autism, as compared to people without autism.
migraine: Intense pain or throbbing in the head. People with migraines can also have nausea, vomiting, and high sensitivity to light and sound.
motivational technique: Therapy technique that focuses on following the child’s lead and capitalizing on the child’s motivation to respond.
mouse glutamate receptor 5 antagonist: Or mGluR5 antagonist. A new class of drugs that is being explored to treat autism. mGluR5 antagonists have been used successfully in treating mental retardation in fragile X mice, although they have not been tested yet in humans. These drugs lower or inhibit signaling of a type of glutamate receptor in mice. These receptors are important for functions of the nervous system and may be working too much in some people with Fragile X syndrome or autism.
naltrexone: Brand name is Revia^® or Vivitrol^®. Naltrexone may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact. Naltrexone may also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Naltrexone is usually prescribed for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors. In this way naltrexone stops the opioids from having an effect on the brain so that the patient is better able to overcome his or her addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form of naltrexone is also available and is called Vivitrol^®.
Namenda®: Generic name is memantine hydrochloride. Namenda^® is available as tablets or oral solution. It is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. Namenda^® may be prescribed off-label for people with autism in an effort to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Namenda^® is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors).
narcolepsy: Abnormal condition when people fall asleep at the wrong times. People can fall asleep suddenly during the day, for example. Narcolepsy is a type of sleep disorder. Some medications that are used to treat narcolepsy are used to treat children with autism who have sleep problems.
neurocognitive: Relating to or involving the nervous system and cognitive functions or behaviors. Cognitive functions involve the thinking and reasoning functions of the brain.
neurodevelopment: Process of growth and development of the brain and nerves in the nervous system.
neurodevelopmental disorders: Disorders related to brain and nervous system development.
neurofeedback: Type of biofeedback therapy that involves individuals monitoring their own brain waves while learning to consciously change them. Neurofeedback is being used to help people with a variety of neurological conditions, including autism.
neuroimaging: Tools used to create pictures of different parts of the brain. Often includes measures of the activity in each part of the brain during a specific behavior.
neuron: Type of cell in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body that communicate information with biochemical and electrical signals.
neurotransmission: Communication of signals between brain cells. This communication is critical to the functioning of the brain.
neurotransmitter: Chemical produced by cells in the nervous system that is used to communicate information between brain cells.
non-biologic: Treatment that was not made from living things, and is intended to affect or change the body. Most medications are non-biologics.
nutrition: Total intake of any foods, liquids, and supplements that are taken in the body by eating or drinking. “Good nutrition” refers to a balanced diet of foods and drinks geared toward good health.
object-initiated interactions: Type of interaction that is started with the help of some kind of object. This method is used for teaching social skills. For example, a child with autism is taught to use an object such as a walkie-talkie to approach someone, and then offer to share it or play with it.
observational learning: Learning by watching others. For example, some children with autism experience observational learning when they are in classrooms with higher-functioning children.
obsessive thoughts: Thoughts about the same ideas or objects that occur so often that they get in the way of normal activities.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Acronym is OCD. Type of anxiety disorder with obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Obsessive thoughts are thoughts not based in reality that focus on something so much that it affects normal daily life. Examples of repetitive behaviors or rituals include cleaning, washing hands, or counting. Rituals are often performed with hopes of making obsessive thoughts go away. When people with OCD do these rituals and other people notice, it often increases their anxiety even more.
occupational therapist: Or OT. Health care professional who works with patients to achieve greater independence by improving neuropsychological deficits, motor function, sensory function, and interpersonal skills.
occupational therapy: Or OT. Type of therapy that focuses on improving abilities to perform daily functional behaviors and tasks. For children with autism, occupational therapy can help them to function in their environment, such as at home and at school. Occupational therapy utilizes activities and treatments for helping with sensory input and physical movements. It can also help with neuromuscular functions (helping nerves and muscles function better together). Studies have suggested that occupational therapy can help some children with autism.
OCD: Acronym for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Type of anxiety disorder with obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Obsessive thoughts are thoughts not based in reality that focus on something so much that it affects normal daily life. Examples of repetitive behaviors or rituals include cleaning, washing hands, or counting. Rituals are often performed with hopes of making obsessive thoughts go away. When people with OCD do these rituals and other people notice, it often increases their anxiety even more.
off-label: For medications, the term “off-label” refers to when a physician prescribes a medication for use in a condition that is not included in FDA-specified uses for that medication. Physicians are allowed to use personal judgment and prescribe medication for a non-indicated or “off-label” use when the physician thinks that the medication may help someone with a different condition than what the FDA has indicated (see indications). Many medications are used off-label to treat conditions that are not indicated by the FDA. Typically, case studies then report if the medications worked in such off-label uses. If they worked, then larger clinical trials are performed to see if the medication is able to be helpful for most people with that specific condition. When there are enough positive clinical studies, the FDA may revise indications for the drug to include the new condition.
olanzapine: Brand name is Zyprexa^®, Zyprexa^® Zydis^®, or Zyprexa^® Intramuscular; also in Symbyax® in combination with fluoxetine. Olanzapine is a psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Olanzapine is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa^® Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Olanzapine works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth.
omega-3: Essential fatty acid that is found in fish and other foods, and is critical for brain function. Omega-3 fatty acids are deficient or lacking in most American diets. Many nutrionists recommend a ratio of 4:1 omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids. Most American diets have a ratio of about 15 to 1.
omega-6: Essential fatty acid that is found in most processed oils such as corn oil and peanut oil. Omega-6 fatty acids are critical for brain function and are found in over-abundance in most diets. Excess of omega-6 fatty acids in the diet is thought to contribute to inflammation and other conditions, and possibly autism. Many nutritionists recommend a ratio of 4:1 omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids. Most American diets have a ratio of about 15 to 1.
on-task: Focused on the activity of the moment instead of being distracted by other activities.
open-label study: Type of scientific study in which the scientist, doctor, and patient all know which drug or medication is being tested. This type of study is different from the double-blind study in which they don’t know whether they are taking a drug or placebo.
oxcarbazepine: Brand name is Trileptal^®. Anti-seizure medication that affects the way neurons are turned on and off. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
oxidative stress: Condition in which free radicals cause damage to the body and brain.
oxytocin: Hormone normally produced in the body which is also a neurotransmitter. Oxytocin has been used as an alternative therapy for autism in adults. Oxytocin may improve social functioning and bonding for some people with autism.
PDD: Acronym for pervasive developmental disorder. PDD is defined as a broad category of disorders in which there is a delay in the development of basic functions including communication and social interaction. PDD includes autism spectrum disorders (autism disorder, childhood disintegration disorder, Rett syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, and PDD-not otherwise specified or PDD-NOS) (see autism spectrum disorders).
PDD-NOS: Acronym for pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. PDD-NOS is a diagnostic term for a type of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) on the autism spectrum that does not fit diagnostic criteria under the other four types of PDD on the autism spectrum (autism disorder, childhood disintegration disorder, Rett syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome).
PECS: Acronym for picture exchange communication system. Method of using picture symbols to communicate.
peer mentors: Children who are trained to interact with their peers for specific tasks. For example, children may be trained to work with an autistic child.
peer tutoring: Tool which is used in autism therapy for improving social skills in which non-autistic peers of a child with autism are trained to use incidental teaching techniques.
peer-mediated techniques: Tool which is used in autism therapy for improving social skills in which non-autistic peers of a child with autism are trained to interact and play with the child, reinforcing socially appropriate behavior such as sharing, helping, and giving affection.
peer-reviewed: Refers to a process of having people of similar training and expertise review an article or a study. Peer-reviewed scientific articles are generally considered more reliable than articles not peer-reviewed. People who are experts in the topic that is being published check on whether the study was done well, and whether the article was written accurately.
perspective sentences: Sentence used in a social story that gives the point of view of the child For example, “I might not know which shoes I like.”
pervasive developmental disorder: Or PDD. PDD is defined as a broad category of disorders in which there is a delay in the development of basic functions including communication and social interaction. PDD includes autism spectrum disorders (autism disorder, childhood disintegration disorder, Rett syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, and PDD-not otherwise specified or PDD-NOS) (see autism spectrum disorders).
pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified: Or PDD-NOS. A diagnostic term for a type of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) on the autism spectrum that does not fit diagnostic criteria under the other four types of PDD (autism disorder, childhood disintegration disorder, Rett syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome).
pharmacotherapy: Therapy that involves treatment with medications or drugs. People with autism often receive some form of pharmacotherapy to help improve brain functions and behaviors.
pharmacotherapy: Therapy that involves treatment with medications or drugs. People with autism often receive some form of pharmacotherapy to help improve brain functions and behaviors.
picture exchange communication system: Or PECS. Method of using picture symbols to communicate.
picture symbols: Symbols or drawings that represent an idea or a word. Picture symbols can be used to help people with autism communicate. Individuals can point to picture symbols to communicate a message.
pilot study: Type of scientific study designed to test the value and logistics of doing a larger study using the same design. Pilot studies usually test a smaller sample size. It is a way for scientists to work out the kinks before doing a larger-scale study. The results of a pilot study might not be conclusive because of the small sample size. The scientists would need to do a larger study in order to test whether the results are valid.
pioglitazone: Brand name is Actos^®. Pioglitazone (pioglitazone hydrochloride) is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Pioglitazone works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism.
pivotal response training: Type of training in which certain behaviors are assumed to be crucial for other behaviors. These pivotal behaviors are then targeted so that the behaviors that depend upon them can change as well.
placebo: False drug, often consisting of a sugar pill with no active medicine, used for comparison with drugs being tested in a study. Usually the person taking the placebo is not told that they are only taking a sugar pill.
placebo effect: Benefits of a therapy that could be produced just by the idea that a treatment is being given, and unrelated to the actual effectiveness of the treatment.
PLP: Acronym for pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Enzyme important for many chemical reactions in the body, including the formation of serotonin and dopamine (two crucial neurotransmitters).
porphyrin: Category of naturally-occurring chemicals that bind metals. For example, hemoglobin is a protein in blood that contains a porphyrin which binds iron.
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Or PWS. Genetic disorder that puts individuals at risk for autism. Individuals with PWS are missing the paternal copy of approximately 5-7 genes on chromosome 15.
prompt: Giving instructions or coaching to help a child give the correct response when the initial response was not correct.
PROMPT^©: Acronym for “Prompts for Restructuring Oral Phonetic Targets.” This type of speech therapy focuses on the physical tasks that need to be working in order to speak words. The goal of this therapy is to connect motor movement of the mouth, face, and jaw with the motivation to speak. PROMPT^© intervention is being used to help children with autism improve their language abilities.
propranolol: Brand name is Inderal^® or Inderal^® LA. Known as a beta-blocker, this medication is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Propranolol (propranolol hydrochloride) is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Propranolol is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism.
prospective study: Type of scientific study designed to plan in advance what will be measured, and then measure it during the study. A prospective study is different from a retrospective study, which is based on data collected by remembering or measuring things that have already happened.
protein: Essential nutrient that is the building block of cells and organs. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together.
Prozac^®: Generic name is fluoxetine hydrochloride. Prozac® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, Prozac® can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Prozac® is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
psychodynamic psychotherapy: Type of psychotherapy that uses verbal communication between a person and their therapist to find a way to relieve emotional pain. Psychodynamic psychotherapy focuses on probing unconscious motives and conflicts to address the problem. It is similar to Freudian psychoanalysis, but does not focus on the unconscious as only sexual in nature in the way that the Freudian method does. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is being explored to help people with autism.
psychotherapy: Broad category of therapy that relies on communication between a trained therapist and the person with behavioral or emotional problems. Psychotherapy uses a variety of techniques to help people improve their lives. There have been some reports of psychotherapy being helpful for some people with autism.
psychotropic: Drug or medication that affects the mind, emotions, mood, and/or behaviors. Psychotropic drugs can sometimes be used to treat people with autism.
PWS: Acronym for Prader-Willi Syndrome. Genetic disorder that puts individuals at risk for autism. Individuals with PWS are missing the paternal copy of approximately 5-7 genes on chromosome 15.
pyridoxal-5-phosphate: Or PLP. Enzyme important for many chemical reactions in the body, including the formation of serotonin and dopamine (two crucial neurotransmitters).
ramelteon: Brand name is Rozerem^™. Ramelteon is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well). Ramelteon stimulates melatonin receptors in the nervous system, thereby promoting sleepiness. Many children with autism have problems sleeping and ramelteon is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism.
RDI: Acronym for Relationship Development Intervention™. Treatment program that centers on the belief that individuals with autism can participate in authentic emotional relationships if they are exposed to them in a gradual, systematic way.
receptors: Proteins that are attached to the cell surface and help cells receive biochemical messages from the rest of the body. Cell receptors are essential for communication between brain cells and other cells in the body.
reciprocal social interaction: Socially acceptable and meaningful communication between two or more people.
reinforcement: Process of using something such as a reward to offer to someone after a desired behavior that increases the frequency of the behavior.
reinforcer: Something offered to someone after a desired behavior that increases the frequency of the behavior, such as a reward.
Relationship Development Intervention™: Or RDI. Treatment program that centers on the belief that individuals with autism can participate in authentic emotional relationships if they are exposed to them in a gradual, systematic way.
replicate: To repeat or copy. In science, replicate means to conduct a scientific experiment or study more than once to determine whether the results are the same each time.
Responsive Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Training: Or RPMT. AAC technique involving the training of both parents and children in a play-based incidental teaching method designed to improve communication in children with autism.
retrospective study: Scientific study that collects information by asking people to remember details from the past. For example, a retrospective study of diet and autism would ask parents to remember what their children ate in the past time period that is being studied, for example, the last 6 months.
Rett Syndrome: Type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by decreased rate of head growth with age, small hands and feet, stereotypic hand movements, cognitive impairments, poor or no verbal skills, difficulties with socialization. The disorder is more common in girls than boys, and children with this syndrome often experience gastrointestinal problems, general growth failure, and seizures.
Revia^®: Generic name is naltrexone. This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia^® is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol^®.
riboflavin: Or vitamin B2. Vitamin that is an essential nutrient that can only be obtained in the diet. Vitamin B2 is critical for energy production and other processes in the body.
Risperdal Consta^®: Generic name is risperidone. Available as injection, this form of risperidone is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. This long-lasting form of risperidone might also be prescribed off-label for other situations.
Risperdal^®: Generic name is risperidone. Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings.
risperidone: Generic name is risperidone. Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings.
Ritalin^®: Generic name is methylphenidate hydrochloride; Ritalin^® is the tablet form, and Ritalin LA^® is the extended-release capsule form. Ritalin^® and Ritalin LA^® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Ritalin^® is indicated for treatment of Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times). Ritalin LA^® is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Rozerem™: Generic name is ramelteon. This is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well) for people who have trouble falling asleep. Rozerem™ works by stimulating melatonin receptors in the nervous system, which promotes sleepiness. Rozerem™ may be prescribed off-label for children with autism who have sleep disturbances, and is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism.
RPMT: Acronym for responsive education and prelinguistic milieu training. AAC technique involving the training of both parents and children in a play-based incidental teaching method designed to improve communication in children with autism.
SAL: Acronym for system for augmenting language. AAC intervention in which the child is trained to use a voice-output communication aid (VOCA) and a communication display to both receive and send messages.
Sarafem^®: Generic name is fluoxetine hydrochloride. Sarafem® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. Sarafem® is indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a syndrome associated with menstruation in adult women. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
saturated fats: Fats with no double-bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats are most frequently found in dairy products and meat.
schedule board: Board that can be used to affix picture cards, typically using Velcro, to lay out a schedule. Schedule boards can help people with autism prioritize their day without feeling anxious about what is coming next.
schizophrenia: Chronic, severe, disabling brain disorder that is characterized by a range of symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, disordered thoughts or movements, and lack of ability to plan or organize, and other symptoms. Some medications that are indicated for treatment of schizophrenia can be helpful to people with other nervous system disorders, including autism.
scientific literature: Research studies that have been described in detail and submitted to a scientific journal for publications. Typically, these scientific studies are reviewed by other scientists in the field to determine if the studies are scientifically valid and should be published (a process called peer review).
seizure: Abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can cause neurons to malfunction. Symptoms of seizures range from an altered mental state (which can range from mild to severe), sudden and intense tensing of muscles, convulsions, and other symptoms.
self-management: Ability to manage emotions and meet a goal without external intervention. The ability to self manage allows the child to keep track of his own behavior such that he is able to stop certain destructive or disruptive behaviors before they start.
self-management strategies: Tools for improving social behavior in which a child with autism is asked to count the number of times he or she does a particular desired behavior. Once a given number is reached in a certain amount of time, a reinforcer (reward) can be given to the child.
self-soothing behavior: Action initiated by the child during times of stress. Self-soothing behaviors could include thumb sucking or rocking back and forth.
sensory cues: Sights, sounds, tastes, and smells that signify important events in the environment.
sensory information: Information that enters the body via the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Sensory information can also include the sense of where the body is in space as well as the body’s sense of balance.
sensory integration: Neurological process that organizes sensation from one's own body and the environment. Sensory integration makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment. Children with autism are believed to have difficulties integrating sensory information.
sensory integration therapy: Type of therapy that focuses on improving abilities to take in sensory information and process the information productively. For children with autism, one or more senses can be over-sensitive or under-sensitive as compared with normally developing children of the same age. Sensory integration therapy is designed to help the child develop more appropriate sensory input processing and responses.
serotonin: Chemical that is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Serotonin is produced by certain types of neurons and by certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin is important in regulating mood, sleep, body temperature, appetite, and other processes in the body.
sertraline: Brand name is Zoloft®. Sertraline is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Sertraline is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. Also called sertraline hydrochloride.
sight words: Term referring to words that are often recognized as a whole word when read. Sight words vary for different people, depending on reading skills. Words that need to be sounded out while reading are not sight words. As reading skills improve, the number of sight words for an individual increases.
SLP: Acronym for speech language pathologist. Often another term for speech therapist. The speech language pathologist may have more training than a speech therapist. They may be more involved in studying and researching speech problems than a speech therapist.
Snoezelen: Controlled sensory stimulation as a form of therapy, usually in a room set aside for this purpose. The Snoezelen room usually contains specific types of sensory stimulation for sound, smell, touch, balance, and other sensory input. The stimulation can be tailored to each child. Snoezelen rooms have been used to help children with autism. They can be helpful for children

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