A number of drugs are used, with indications and off-label, to treat symptoms associated with autism and additional conditions (comorbidities) associated with autism. These may include anxiety, epilepsy, and attention deficit disorders. The only two drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administraion to treat symptoms related to autism are Risperdal and Abilify. The drugs in the table below may be given to people on the autism spectrum. Click on the drug name to see all research articles, news, and comments on our site about that drug.
At Healing Thresholds, we believe that a therapy program should be specific to the child and evolve with the child. In some cases, and at some times, a therapy program may include drug therapy. The use of any prescribed medication should be closely monitored by a physician.
| Name | Generic Name | Description |
| Abilify | aripiprazole | This antidepressant was recently approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age. It is also indicated for treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in adults and children. Adults are prescribed Abilify as an add-on antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. |
| ActoPlus MET | pioglitazone hydrocloride and metformin hydrochloride | ActoPlus MET is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes in patients who are not helped by treatment with metformin or pioglitazone alone. This combination medication works by decreasing insulin resistance and by improving sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Actos | pioglitazone hydrocloride | Actos is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Actos works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Actos has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Actos is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Adderall | amphetamine | Adderall XR is the slow release form. Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and in nerves. These brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) regulate activity and impulse control. Adderall is prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep). It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: amphetamines have a high potential for abuse. Administration of amphetamines for long periods may lead to drug dependence and must be avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-therapeutic use or distribution to others, and the drugs should be prescribed or dispensed sparingly. Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events. |
| Anafranil | clomipramine hydrocloride |
Anafranil is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is usually used to treat depression in adults. It is also approved for use in children (at least 8 years old) to treat obsessions and compulsions associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect from the drug is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Aricept | donepezil hydrochloride | Aricept (the generic is donepezil hydrochloride) is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Aricept ODT is the orally disintegrating tablet form of Aricept. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept or Aricept ODT may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept or Aricept ODT are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia. |
| Ativan | lorazepam | Ativan is an anti-anxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Ativan is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression. |
| Bethanechol | bethanechol chloride | Bethanechol is prescribed for triggering urination and emptying of the bladder when urine is being retained. |
| Buspar | buspirone hydrochloride | Buspar is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspar may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspar has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism. |
| Carbatrol - Equetro - Tegretol |
carbamazepine | Carbamazepine is the generic for three brand name drugs, Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. Tegretol is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Tegretol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Carbatrol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Equetro is an extended-release formulation of carbamazepine. It is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. |
| Clozaril - FazaClo | clozapine |
This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozapine is the generic and FazaClo® is the orally disintegrating form. Clozaril® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozaril is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking Clozaril need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects. |
| Concerta | methylphenidate hydrochloride | Some children with autism also have ADHD and this drug may be helpful in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Concerta is a stimulant that is approved in the United States for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. It is understood that drug therapy is typically only one aspect of a treatment plan to help a child overcome symptoms of ADHD. |
| Depakene | valproic acid |
Depakene is available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Depakote | divalproex sodium |
Depakote is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. Depakote is usually prescribed to treat mania in people with manic-depressive disorder, to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, and to prevent migraines. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of Depakote need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Dexedrine - Dexedrine Spansule | dextroamphetamine sulfate | Dexedrine is typically prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6-16 years of age and for narcolepsy (falling asleep). The sustained release, Spansule Sustained-Release Capsules, are not recommended for children less than 6 years old. It may also be prescribed off-label for hyperactivity in children with autism and for adults with ADHD. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is an amphetamine that stimulates the brain and nervous system. Caution: Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and may lead to drug dependence. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility that the amphetamines are being used or given to other people for non-therapeutic use. Also, misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular (heart-related) adverse events. |
| Diastat | diazepam | Diastat is a sedative in a rectal gel form. Diastat is administered to people who are having severe seizures as a short-term treatment. Diastat may be prescribed for people with autism who also have epilepsy, and would usually be administered during the seizure. |
| Diflucan | fluconazole | Diflucan is an anti-fungal antibiotic that is prescribed to treat fungus infections in any part of the body. Diflucan is often prescribed to treat fungal infections in people with weak immune systems. Diflucan may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help relieve their autism symptoms, based on the idea that autism symptoms may be related to fungus infections in children. |
| Dilantin | phenytoin sodium | Dilantin is an antiepileptic drug that is indicated for helping to control seizures in children and adults. If a patient would like to stop Dilantin therapy then he or she should do so gradually under a doctor’s supervision in order to avoid seizures. |
| Endrate | edetate disodium |
Endrate is administered I.V., and recommended only for severe cases of metal poisoning because of the risk of serious side effects, including death. Endrate chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. Endrate is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults. Endrate should not be used in children because of the risk of death, according to the FDA and the CDC. Endrate has been confused with Versenate (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Eskalith | lithium carbonate |
Eskalith (lithium carbonate): Eskalith® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them. |
| Fortamet - Glumetza | metformin hydrochloride | Fortamet or Glumetza (extended release tablet) is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Metformin works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication. |
| Geodon | ziprasidone |
Geodon is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, aggression, self-abusive behavior, temper tantrums, lability (mood swings), social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors. Geodon is currently in clinical trials to test effectiveness in children with autism. Some children have improved with treatment. Geodon is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Geodon works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. |
| Haldol | haloperidol |
Haldol is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness. |
| Inderal | propranolol hydrochloride | Known as a beta-blocker, Inderal is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Inderal is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Inderal is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. Inderal LA is a long-acting form of Inderal. |
| Klonopin | clonazepam | Clonazepam is indicated for use to treat seizure disorders and panic disorder. It may also be prescribed off-label for other conditions. Klonopin is one of a group of drugs called the benzodiazepines; it works by correcting imbalances in brain chemistry which may cause anxiety. Clonazepam may be habit-forming. Patients should not stop taking the drug suddenly before consulting a physician because the drug dose may need to be lowered slowly over time. |
| Invega | paliperidone | Paliperidone is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Invega belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, lightheadedness, restlessness, and weight gain. More serious side effects can occur, and close communication with the physician that prescribed the medication is advised. |
| Lamictal | lamotrigine | Lamictal is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamictal is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamictal seems to change how neurons turn on and off, which affects the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional. |
| Luvox | fluvoxamine maleate | Luvox is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who are at least 8 years old. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect of Luvox is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully against the clinical need for the drug. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Mycostatin |
nystatin | Oral medication is Nystatin; cream form is Mycostatin. Mycostatin and Nystatin are prescribed to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal (digestive) tract. |
| Namenda | memantine hydrochloride |
Namenda is available as tablets or oral solution. It is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. Namenda may be prescribed off-label for people with autism in an effort to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Namenda is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors). |
| Paxil | paroxetine | Paroxetine is an antidepressant that is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by restoring the balance of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to improve certain mood problems. Paxil® is prescribed for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may also be prescribed for people with autism. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Pepcid | famotidine | Pepcid is a type of histamine-2 blockers that decreases the amount of acid that the stomach produces. Pepcid® is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines. It also treats other conditions in which the acid produced by the stomach is a problem, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn. |
| Provigil | modafinil | Provigil promotes wakefulness. The FDA approved modafinil to treat narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. Off-label, modafinil is used by sleep deprived people to stay awake and to treat fatigue, depression, multiple sclerosis and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The FDA rejected an application by the manufacturer to use modafinil as an ADHD drug due to the side effect of serious rashes. Modafinil is not approved for use in children under the age of 17. Side effects may include serious rash, chest pain, anxiety, stuffy nose, diarrhea, back pain, sleepiness and nausea or upset stomach. |
| Prozac | fluoxetine hydrochloride |
Prozac is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, Prozac can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Prozac® is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Remeron | mirtazapine | Mirtazapine is an antidepressant that adjusts the balance of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Remeron® belongs to a class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants and is chemically different from serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MAOs. It is FDA-approved for use in treating major depression in adults. Mirtazapine may also be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Side-effects include abnormal dreams and thinking, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, flu-like symptoms, increased appetite, sleepiness, weakness, and weight gain. In clinical studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of mirtazapine or any other antidepressant in a child or adolescent must balance this risk with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Revia - Vivitrol |
naltrexone |
This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol. |
| Risperdal | risperidone | Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. |
| Ritalin - Methylin |
methylphenidate hydrochloride | Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Methylin Oral, or Methylin are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times). |
| Rozerem | ramelteon | Ramelteon is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well). Ramelteon stimulates melatonin receptors in the nervous system, thereby promoting sleepiness. Many children with autism have problems sleeping and ramelteon is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism. |
| Sarafem | fluoxetine hydrochloride | Sarafem is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. Sarafem is indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a syndrome associated with menstruation in adult women. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Sporanox | itraconazole | Sporanox is prescribed to treat serious fungal infections which may invade any part of the body including mouth, throat, lungs, or nails. |
| Stablon - Coaxil - Tatinol |
tianeptine | Other trade names are Coaxil (Europe) and Tatinol (Asia and Latin America). Drug currently approved for use in France that is an antidepressant. Tianeptine is a serotonin reuptake enhancer. This mechanism of action differs from many antidepressants that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Tianeptine has also been used to treat asthma in children, erectile dysfunction in men, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). |
| Strattera | atomoxetine hydrochloride | Strattera may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Symbyax | fluoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine | Medication containing a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. Symbyax is indicated for treatment of depression in bipolar disorder. Symbyax contains an antidepressant (fluoxetine) and an antipsychotic (olanzapine). Symbyax may be prescribed for people with autism to decrease anger, aggression, and repetitive movements; and to improve social interactions. |
| Tenex - Intuniv | guanfacine | Tenex or Intuniv (extended release form) stimulates certain receptors in the brain and nervous system. Guanfacine is indicated for lowering blood pressure and improving attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Guanfacine may also be prescribed off-label for sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anti-social behaviors, oppositional disorder, and Tourette’s disorder. |
| Thorazine - Thorazine Spansule | chlorpromazine | Thorazine Spansule is the name for the sustained-release form. Chlorpromazine is available in tablet or injection form, and as suppositories. In children 1-12 years old, Thorazine may be prescribed for the treatment of severe behavioral problems such as combativeness and/or explosive hyperexcitable behavior. It is also prescribed for short-term treatment of hyperactive children who show excessive motor activity and conduct disorders that may include impulsivity, difficulty sustaining attention, aggressiveness, mood swings, and poor frustration tolerance. Thorazine is approved for the treatment of a number of other different conditions, including schizophrenia, severe nausea and vomiting, manic type of manic-depressive disorder. |
| Tofranil | imipramine hydrochloride | Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that is usually prescribed for depression, and for childhood enuresis (bed-wetting). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Topamax | topiramate | Topamax is an anticonvulsant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce irritability and self-injuring behaviors. Topamax can also help reduce seizures. Topamax is indicated for reducing seizures in people with epilepsy for ages 2 years old and up; and also for preventing migraine headaches. Topamax is available as tablets and as sprinkle capsules that can be taken as a whole capsule or sprinkled on food. This medication may have a side effect of metabolic acidosis (the blood getting too acidic). People taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional and may require regular blood tests. |
| Trileptal | oxcarbazepine | This anti-seizure medication affects the way neurons are turned on and off. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Valium - Diastat |
diazepam | Valium is a sedative that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce aggression and anxiety, or for seizures. It also comes as Valium Injection, or Diastat, a rectal gel form. The response to diazepam can vary between individuals with autism, so each individual should be monitored carefully. Diazepam is indicated for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as supplemental medication for severe seizure disorders. |
| Versenate | edetate calcium disodium | Versenate chelates or strongly binds to divalent and trivalent metals including lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, and mercury. Versenate is usually prescribed for metal poisoning, particularly lead. Versenate may be used in children with autism to reduce heavy metals in their body in an effort to improve behaviors. While Versenate may be prescribed for children, serious side effects (including death) can occur as a result of Versenate therapy. Versenate has been confused with Endrate (edentate disodium), which is usually administered only to adults under emergency circumstances because of the risk of death. Endrate should not be used in children, according to the FDA and the CDC. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Xanax | alprazolam | Alprazolam is one of a type of medications called benzodiazepines. It works by helping restore chemical balance in the brain when there are imbalances that may cause anxiety. Alprazolam is typically used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and anxiety caused by depression. It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: alprazolam may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Alprazolam should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. The medication should be kept in a secure place where others cannot get to it. |
| Zoloft | sertraline hydrochloride | Zoloft is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Zyprexa | olanzapine |
Zyprexa is a psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Zyprexa® is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Zyprexa works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth. Other forms of this medication are called Zyprexa Zydis, or Zyprexa Intramuscular. |









Please comment on this autism topic.
Thank goodness THAT'S over!
Jul 14, 2009 by AnonymousBastille Day. Also, visit-the-neurologist-day. Woo-hoo.
I do not understand what it is about these children that they absolutely CANNOT shut their little mouths for FIVE MINUTES while I talk to the neurologist. They were good and well-behaved until she walked in the room and that was it! They were acting like they do when I’m on the phone: like I’m standing around, doing nothing, waiting only for them to make some request of me. I broke it down, and every minute I get to spend in this doctor’s office costs $25. I had to ask her to repeat herself more than once because the kids were acting like we were at the park instead of the doctor. Then, after I finished my disjointed and frequently interrupted conversation with her, she dropped a bomb: She wanted Thomas to have blood drawn to check his liver and kidney function, and also a CBC.
I have lost count over the past few days of how many times I have told Thomas that there would be NO SHOTS at the doctor. Technically, I was right; there were no shots. But somehow, Thomas didn’t see it that way. The doctor told us that we could just come back tomorrow or the next day so that we had time to prepare Thomas, but this hospital is a good hour away (on two expressways that are both under construction) and I decided to just bite the bullet and get the blood drawn today. What jolly fun we had! Actually, the phlebotomists thought the kids were both hilarious. Thomas sat on my lap and screamed his head off while Hayley held her hands over her ears and said, “Mommy, this is CWAZY!” When they took the needle out and slapped a bandage on his arm, they offered him stickers and he said, “But I wasn’t well-behaved! I don’t deserve stickers!” We left the lab as both techs were doubled-over laughing.
Anyway, Thomas did a lot better with the neurologist’s exercises than he did last time. He successfully completed almost all of the things she wanted him to do which is a great improvement. We decided together that he should try an increased dose of Strattera, moving him up to 18 mg from 10 mg. We’re going to stick with the current dosage of Clonidine because he hasn’t gained any weight since his last appointment, which is good. A side-effect of Strattera is weight gain, I guess.
I just wish they would behave at this doctor’s office. No matter how I threaten them or try to coax them or cajole them beforehand, NOTHING works and they’re always a pain. I wish I could see this doctor without Thomas (or Hayley) having to be with me. I guess it doesn’t work that way.
In my last blog I mentioned that I was trying to get Thomas to do some writing over the summer. We did have a successful “writer’s workshop” about a week ago. We all sat down and drew a picture and then decided what to write about it. It took a lot of waiting and asking pretty-please to get Thomas to sit down and do the thing, but once he sat down he drew a nice picture of several cars on a street and then wrote – mostly by himself! – “there are 5 people in the cars.” I was so proud of him that I wanted to scan the paper into my computer and e-mail it to his teacher. In the end, I decided to leave her alone and let her have her summer. I was so tickled that Thomas even seemed to be happy with the whole thing because of my favorable reaction. We’ll try again soon. It’s just nice to know that Thomas hasn’t forgotten how to read and write since school got out. Actually, he did a much better job than he used to do in school every day, writing most of the letters and sounding out most of the words himself.
While at the doctor, we got her to sign a letter I drafted for anybody at Disney World who might want to see it. It outlined the reasons why Thomas can’t be expected to stand in long lines or be around people for too long. Really, the reason we’re going to get the Guest Assistance Card for Thomas is not for his own comfort or our sanity. It’s more for the comfort and sanity of innocent people who might be standing near us. I shudder to think of what might happen if we encounter metal queuing-area fences. If he’s got anything in his hands to whack against the metal, there will be no survivors. Anybody in line with us will be doomed. In fact, I’ve decided that’s a good thing to say if there are any rude looks or inconsiderate comments from any other patrons in line while we move modestly up to the front. “Trust me buddy, you don’t WANT to wait in line next to this kid! Wanna read the letter from his neurologist?” I’m sure everyone will be perfectly courteous and understanding.
We’re still swimming as often as we can and trying to fill up the kid’s summer days with fun activities, but it’s hard. The weather (I know, again about the weather!) has not been consistently warm or sunny, or I have to work that evening or we have a doctor’s appointment…it’s always something. We should (God willing) be done with doctors until January, so that’s good. Well, except for the pediatrician. Hayley had a check-up last week (along with a Hepatitis A booster for Thomas…I’ve never heard so much screeching in my life) and absolutely REFUSED to pee in a cup, so we’ve got to give them a sample sometime.
I’m not fooling anyone, least of all myself. It’s never going to get done, and I’m not making a special trip to the doctor with Hayley’s urine so they can dip a stick in it and tell us that all’s well.
Starry, starry night...
Apr 21, 2009 by AnonymousI can’t believe it, and I know I say this every year, but I can’t believe that the school year is almost over. Only a month and a half until summer vacation! And I’m not dreading it for many reasons this year. For one thing, the kids are okay if left up to their own devices for a little while in the morning if I want to laze around in bed for a bit. When they start whining about trivial things like being hungry and wanting to eat, I get my carcass out of bed. But still, there’s usually a good extra half hour that I can doze. So there’s that. Really, the underlying fact that makes everything easier is that the kids are simply growing up a bit. And Thomas continues to improve little by little.
It seems like – and I hate to say this “out loud” – but I think we’ve licked the whole problem with the kids staying in their beds all night. About twenty “sleeps” ago, I told the kids that if they both stayed in their beds for ten nights straight, we’d go to Chuck E. Cheese’s. They did it, so I took them and said that if they did it again for another ten nights, we’d go again. So far, so good and we’re supposed to go on Thursday. In my attempt to be more frugal, however, I think we’ll not eat there but just play games. I buy about ten dollars in tokens and the kids know that when the tokens are gone, it’s time to go. I don’t mention to them that I usually spend a few tokens playing Skee-Ball, but at their tender age, they don’t count out the tokens. So through Chuck E. Cheese’s bribery, I’ve been able to get better quality sleep lately which always helps.
Speaking of the bedtime routine, it looks like Thomas is back to where he was several years ago when he would go to bed awake, turn out the lights and fall asleep on his own, staying in his bed all night. Thomas was almost three when he started regressing, sort of. Up until then, he was doing great with bedtime when all of a sudden, he wanted us to leave the lights on. Then he wanted one of us in his bed with him while he fell asleep. Before the Clonidine, this could take more than an hour, too. It would take him forever to fall asleep. Anyway, this has gone on for the last three years but now he’s going to sleep with the lights off and he only occasionally asks for Jonathan or me to lay down with him. Hayley still insists on the lights being on but I suspect this is so she can maintain her “bug vigilance.” She can spot a teeny-tiny itsy-bitsy bug in the corner of her ceiling from ten feet away and will get so scared that she cries until someone comes to get rid of the insect. Oddly, she freaked out about a little fruit fly the other night, but there was a huge black spider on her wall tonight that she calmly pointed out to me. The thing left a mess on the wall, too. I think that flying bugs freak her out more than crawling ones. All of the bugs that have been hibernating in the house all winter are waking up and trying to get out.
We’ve been told by the weather people that it will be in the mid-eighties here on Friday and it seems almost too good to be true. We’re going to walk to school again, and we’ve been ditching the wagon lately because I figure this is good “training” for the kids to walk to and from school in preparation for Disney World. It’s also good for me to train myself walking with a kid riding piggy-back which I figure will happen many times in Florida. I should put forty pounds of sand in my back pack and walk on the treadmill like that. Does it seem strange that as a family, we have to physically train for a vacation? It’s a vacation…and supposed to be relaxing. I guess if we wanted relaxing, we’d go somewhere else. Jonathan is so very excited about this trip that whenever I’m not working on the weekends, we’re talking about Disney, mulling over our ideas and kicking around touring plans. He’s like a little kid. I’m trying to keep things in perspective and Jonathan’s jumping up and down, declaring that we’re ALL going to ride ALL the rides and try ALL the shows and do EVERYTHING and we’re going to have a MARVELOUS time. I’m sure we will, but I’m trying to keep an open mind. This will be the biggest trip we’ve ever taken with the kids and especially regarding Thomas, who knows what will happen? See, I’m worried about reverse psychology here. Thomas usually hates the idea of anything new. However, when he actually experiences it, it’s all good and he has a great time. You can see where I’m going with this, right? So he’s excited and eager about Disney World right now…will he hit a wall when we get there, hating everything and wanting to spend all of his time at the pool? Oh, most assuredly not, if you listen to Jonathan. He’s so optimistic about Thomas’ projected behavior at Disney World but so pessimistic about Thomas most of the rest of the time! More Mickey Magic.
Work is still okay. This job waiting tables is just what I need it to be. I go in, I do my work, I make a little money and I go home. It’s fun working with the “kids” who work there, listening to their trivial nonsense and the stupid crap that they’re worried about. That’s amusing. But my kids (and Jonathan) have adjusted well to my evenings at work. In fact, Jonathan did Hayley’s hair beautifully tonight after her bath. He’ll be a pro in no time.
Happy tears and tooth fears
Feb 20, 2009 by AnonymousSo much has been happening lately that it’s been hard to find time to write. The GFCF diet will have to be put on hold for now, at least. The good news – an improvement that could help us avoid that kind of major dietary inconvenience indefinitely – is that the Strattera seems to be working really well for Thomas. He’s been more attentive, making more eye-contact and telling me loads about things that have happened at school. Last Thursday, Thomas told me that there were three “stations” in gym class: a running station, a hopping station and a beach ball station. I asked him which one was his favorite and he said that he like the beach balls the best. I said, “Beach balls? That must have been a little crazy, with beach balls flying all over they gym.” Thomas said, “No. Mr. M. put up a little blue fence around the beach ball station.” All I could say was “Wow!” He’s never given me so much information about school before. Granted, gym does seem to be his favorite subject.
One unfortunate side effect of Strattera is having difficulty sleeping and Thomas seemed to not sleep at all for three nights running last week. I made an alternately frantic and comatose call to the neurologist who decided to add another half Clonidine around 3 or 4 p.m. to help ease Thomas into the evening. Jonathan and I were really skeptical about that. I kept wondering how much Clonidine his little body could take, for one thing. For another thing, I wondered if the Clonidine patch would be a better solution. The neuro still wants to use the pills and surprisingly, it did seem to help. The problem was that Thomas would get up around 1 or 2 a.m. and get into our bed which is his usual routine. The bad thing was that he’d get into bed with us and not go to sleep. He’d flop around like a suffocating fish, kicking us and waking us up. We’d send him back to his bed and hear his TV click on. Then Hayley would get up and come into our room. She said that Thomas came into her room and woke her up - I guess to play with him. So there was that one awful Sunday night where nobody got any sleep and it affected everyone negatively. Thomas didn’t think anything of it, but the rest of us were dead on our feet all day. With the extra half-pill in the afternoon now, he still comes into our room at some point but he sleeps peacefully at least. Hayley has been sleeping very well, in her bed all night until she sees Jonathan get up for work and then she comes in for a snuggle. Since the Strattera dose seems to be working well for now, we’re not going to increase it. Thomas hasn’t had any tics, so that’s great. It’s what we were afraid of. Luckily, the one that he developed while on Focalin went away as soon as we stopped the medication. I’ve heard that they can develop tics that never go away, even if the medicine is discontinued.
Thomas’ IEP meeting was on lucky Friday, February 13. It was a great meeting; very positive and everyone, as per usual, just LOVES my boy. Thomas has so far this year met or very nearly met all of the goals his service team set for him last May. His meeting last year was at the end of the school year, so he still has a couple of months to meet his goals and there’s no reason to suppose that he won’t. Thomas’ teacher, whom shall now be called “Mrs. H.” because I’m getting tired of calling her “The Teacher,” actually cried twice during the meeting, thus making me cry. The last time I cried at an IEP for Thomas was what I like to call “The Worst Day of My Life,” the meeting when autism was brought up. Thomas has come such a long way since then that now I can look forward to crying tears of joy. And watching his teachers do the same, I guess. Mrs. H. has become very fond of and attached to Thomas. He manages to endear himself so to all of his therapists and teachers. I understand why Mrs. H. was so emotionally moved; she is educated in early childhood development and therefore recognizes immediately when Thomas makes a breakthrough or reaches an educational milestone. She sees it for the huge leap that it is. At the beginning of most days, Mrs. H. has the kids draw a picture and then encourages them to write a few words about it. Most of the time, Thomas scribbles and makes up some story about it but won’t write. The Monday before his IEP, he drew a picture of an orange “race car,” colored it in and started writing that it was “An orange race car, going very fast.” I mean, this thing really looked like a car! It had wheels and everything! Mrs. H. told me that when I saw it, I would cry, but I didn’t. (That is, until she did in the meeting.) I was excited; I said, “Wow, that’s cool!” I think I just don’t understand the gravity of such things the way that Mrs. H. and the OT understand them. Either way, Jonathan and I are very touched by the tender and loving way teachers speak about Thomas. I found myself having to reassure Mrs. H. that she would see us plenty next year, because she’ll have Hayley and Thomas will be in first grade and I see no reason why I can’t volunteer in Hayley’s kindergarten classes too. She felt better after that. But Thomas is showing pre-reading skills; better than many of his classmates in some cases, continues to improve his writing and recognizing letter sounds and shocks us all from time to time with his amazing memory.
My job search continues, and I feel I’m very close to landing that perfect foodservice job I’ve been wanting. I have a second interview at a restaurant tomorrow and I papered all eateries within a five mile radius yesterday afternoon with applications and a winning smile. I’m hoping to be able to wait tables two or three nights during the work week and two shifts of various hours on the weekends. There are so many good reasons for me to find a part-time evening and weekend out-of-the-house job, the more I ponder it. One big reason (cash is numero uno, of course, but…) is that the kids will begin to see their father as more of a caregiver. One thing that happens frequently and always fries my cookies is that I’ll be deeply engrossed in some chore or activity like running on the treadmill, folding laundry or even taking a shower. Jonathan will be sitting on the couch in the living room, watching TV. Hayley will come in and ask for a snack. My immediate question is, “What’s Daddy doing?” She tells me so I send her to ask Daddy to get her the snack. Fifteen seconds later, she’s back and she says, “Daddy wants to know if it’s okay if I have a snack.” See, Hayley went and asked Jonathan if she could HAVE a snack, she didn’t tell him that I asked HIM to get HER the snack. “Yes! For the love of God, child, you may have a snack!” Now I’m getting irritated. Fifteen seconds later, Jonathan comes into the room. “Did you say it was okay for Hayley to have a snack?” He thinks she’s trying to pull a fast one. By then, I’m so frustrated that I start raving like a madwoman and nobody understands why. So maybe – maybe – if I’m completely out of the house, Jonathan can decide for himself if the children are worthy of our pantry full of snack foods. And the kids won’t even be able to consider asking me in the first place.
As I said, the money will be great. If I can make a couple hundred a week, we’re going to go ahead a book a trip to Disney World in August, I think. We have some money coming to us that we didn’t even know we were supposed to get (it was really our money anyway; the county assessor was just “borrowing” it from us until we noticed, it seems) and that coupled with the extra income I hope to earn will make it possible for us to finally take our children to see The Mouse. We’ve been dreaming of it ever since we went to Disney World for our honeymoon and saw happy families riding the teacups and Flying Dumbos. “Wow, won’t it be great to take our hypothetical children here some day,” we’d say to each other. Actually, I can remember several times while we were there that I thought it would be nice if we had a kid or two with us for this show or that ride. It appears to be within reach. I know, it’ll be hotter than hell in Florida in August (ninety-two degrees is the average daily high), but we don’t want to take the kids out of school to go. We have two immediate family weddings in November, one of them over Thanksgiving weekend, we don’t want to go over Christmas and miss that with our families and I wouldn’t touch Spring Break with a ten-foot pole. So that leaves summer vacation, and we’ll need more time to save dough than a vacation in June would give us. That’s our decision. Now I just need to get hired and make a dazzling impression. Shouldn’t be too hard.
Jonathan took the kids to the Monster Truck Jam last weekend on Valentine’s Day, also our eleventh wedding anniversary. Hayley pretty much hated it; it was way too loud for her (Jonathan remembered to bring earplugs, but even so, it was too loud) but Thomas loved it. His favorite part was the motorcycle tricks. So Thomas would go again, but we’ll have to find some Mommy-and-Hayley activity the next time the Monster Trucks are in town.
The last bit of drama I’m going to share this evening is that Thomas has reached a physiological milestone: he has two loose teeth. The bottom two in the middle, the two that popped through right on schedule on his six-month birthday, are preparing to leave on a high-note. Thomas wants nothing to do with this whole process. We’ve mentioned it to him before, always with negative results so we’ve been kind of hoping that we had a little more time. Nothing doing, says Mother Nature. He spent most of today whining and complaining and actually crying at times. At one point, he asked me for some tape so that he could “fix” the ones that were loose. We tried everything we could think of to put him at ease. I drew him pictures like I used to in the old days. It only upset him more because I drew smiley faces on the kids who had lost teeth and he said that they should have had sad faces. I tried showing him Sophie the Dog’s puppy teeth which I saved (no idea, don’t ask), but he wanted to put them back in her mouth. At dance class, one of Hayley’s friends was missing both of her bottom middle teeth and she gleefully obliged when we asked to have a look, but Thomas didn’t really care. He is threatening that when one finally falls out, he’s going to “cram it back in.” Those are his words, not mine. He actually said “cram.” Losing teeth is fine for everyone else, but Thomas is completely against it. For one thing, he knows that the new teeth are called “adult teeth” and he wants to never be grown-up. We’ve started calling them “big-boy teeth,” but he doesn’t really want to be a big boy, either. Of course, all of this represents change, which Thomas is firmly dead-set against in all forms. Unfortunately, nothing can be done to stop baby teeth falling out, so we’re going to have to weather the storm.
Although very resistant to change, Thomas did show a great deal of enthusiasm for flying in an airplane to go to Walt Disney World. Go figure.
Let's go to the hop!
Jan 9, 2009 by dankohnAs is usual, Christmas and New Year’s have come and gone in the blink of an eye. Did I enjoy it? I can’t remember…it really was a blur. Actually, I noticed that I enjoyed the holiday season less than usual which breaks my heart. Being so worried about Jonathan’s job and money put a damper on things, but we made merry nevertheless. The kids had a great time opening presents and stuffing their faces with junk food from Christmas Eve all the way through Christmas night. Everyone was very generous as usual, especially Santa. Thomas loved his bicycle and actually was pleased to wear the helmet as he rode the bike around the living room, sending knick-knacks and cats flying, as I foresaw.
One shocker, however, was that the bike was not his favorite present. Mrs. Claus saw in Barnes & Noble one of those Klutz kits with a human skeleton and book in it. Mr. Claus was not enthusiastic about buying it, believing that young Thomas wouldn’t really care for it. Was Mr. Claus ever wrong! Thomas loves that skeleton so much that it is still in one piece and he puts it in its little display case every time he’s done playing with it! He also got a pop-up book about the human body which he really seems to get into.
Hayley has not yet shown an aptitude for any specific area of academia. She got the Barbie Overpriced Diamond Castle and several of the dolls that go along with and she was quite thrilled with that. Both of the kids got clothes from certain people, and those people know who they are, and I thank them most heartily.
I took the tree down on December 28, a full two days later than usual. It was also a forty-degree day so we went outside with the new bike while I took down the outside lights. The kids toys are getting smaller (and more expensive) so we didn’t immediately need the room in the house occupied by the tree. Thomas eventually conceded that the bicycle should live in the garage which was a huge win for me. We re-arranged Hayley’s room to accommodate Barbie’s new digs with little trouble and I just purged all of the old give-away stuff from the kids’ rooms. I’m going to start on the closets and dressers in all the rooms next.
New Year’s was a quiet affair. My sister, her new husband, and my other sister came over and we played games and tossed back a few. Very low-key and we didn’t have to find a babysitter since everyone came to us! That kind of New Year’s, with my sisters and brother-in-law is beginning to be a tradition because we did it last year too. I’d be happy if we did that kind of thing every New Year’s forever.
The rest of the holiday break went swiftly…It felt like it flew by. This past Tuesday, we saw Thomas’ neurologist for a check-up. We both lamented the bad luck that the Focalin, while immensely helpful for Thomas’ ADHD symptoms, also caused that disturbing facial tic. She has started him on Strattera which is for ADHD symptoms, but is not a stimulant like Ritalin or the others. It can still cause tics, but maybe it won’t because it works differently. He’s going to continue with the Clonidine as well because that happens to be an anti-tic medication in addition to all of the other things it can do. Strattera is a medication that “banks” or “ramps up” in your system, so it may be four to six weeks before we notice any improvements. Or tics. But I’m trying to stay optimistic. I told his service team at school that he is on this new medication and they should observe and report.
The first week back to school was great for Thomas, mostly because he spent all of break asking when he’d go back to school again. He really enjoys it, or he needs it; either way, he’s cool with school. My brother-in-law and his fiancée gave Thomas and Hayley their own little dry-erase boards for Christmas and I had a brainstorm yesterday as I was cleaning and de-crapitizing (I made that word up, but I bet you know what it means). I decided to draw a little picture schedule for Thomas on his board to help him get dressed in the morning. He has such a difficult time completing multi-step tasks. I cannot just tell him, “Go get dressed.” He has to have constant verbal cues about what to do next. So I drew little pictures for him on the board: taking off pajamas, putting on shirt, putting on pants and putting on socks and shoes. Here’s the problem: Thomas can’t read and I’m not a very good artist. So we have to kind of work on it together. The whole point eventually is for Thomas to not need the visual cues anymore and just get dressed when I ask him to. Hopefully, by springtime he’ll have it down. That’s a good goal, I think.
Today at school there was a sock-hop for all of the kids who didn’t have any “office referrals” (that’s “not being sent to the principal’s office” to you and me). Since kindergartners are generally never sent to the principal’s office, the whole class got to go and Thomas’ teacher said that she wished I had been there to see! He danced with a nice girl in his class (holding hands, even!) and he did the Bunny Hop with the other kids…he completely participated and even enjoyed himself a lot, it seemed. Actually, the girl that he was dancing with has been his “special friend” lately and the teacher has had to remind Thomas about personal space. This little girl is a sweetheart and very smart; she can already read, actually…but I thanked her for dancing with Thomas today.
So the weather here is crummy again. Those meteorologists should all be canned. The high here next Wednesday is zero. Zero degrees is the high. Honestly, if we can’t make the house payment or buy food, it’s not going to be because Jonathan was laid off! It’ll be because of the awful weather! At least there’s nothing you can do about the weather. Nobody’s to blame.
Hopefully, we’ll have a good few days sometime late next week (or next month…or never) to make a snowman and take the kids sledding. Thomas really loved sledding last year and I’d love to take him again. I’m still waiting for weather conditions to be right for taking them to school on a sled like a mush-dog.
For now, we’re holed-up in our little house, peering hopefully through the curtains every day looking for sunshine, crossing our fingers as the car sluggishly cranks and then barely catches on those coldest mornings, being thankful that we have heat and what we need to get by for now. Taking it one day at a time, I guess.