http://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine/feed en http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/variables-related-sleep-problems-children-autism <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Variables+Related+to+Sleep+Problems+in+Children+with+Autism&amp;rft.title=Research+in+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.spage=931&amp;rft.epage=941&amp;rft.aulast=Mayes&amp;rft.aufirst=SD"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Variables Related to Sleep Problems in Children with Autism</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/2547">Mayes SD</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/2548">Calhoun SL</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2009</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">3</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">931-941</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&amp;_method=list&amp;_ArticleListID=1463638070&amp;_sort=r&amp;_st=13&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=16536282c87927fd6f82b0ff244f08b5&amp;searchtype=a">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&amp;_method=list&amp;_ArticleListID=1463638070&amp;_sort=r&amp;_st=13&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=16536282c87927fd6f82b0ff244f08b5&amp;searchtype=a</a></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-abst-e">Teaser</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-abst-e"> <p>Children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title="definition of autism: Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> often have <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title="definition of sleep disorder: A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title="definition of therapy: Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapies</cite></a> such as behavior <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title="definition of therapy: Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapy</cite></a> (<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba"><cite title="definition of applied behavior analysis (ABA): A scientific approach for evaluating behavior. ABA provides scientific information that helps guide behavioral therapy approaches. ABA may also refer to any behavioral therapy that utilizes the scientific information about behavior.">applied behavior analysis</cite></a> [<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba"><cite title="definition of applied behavior analysis (ABA): A scientific approach for evaluating behavior. ABA provides scientific information that helps guide behavioral therapy approaches. ABA may also refer to any behavioral therapy that utilizes the scientific information about behavior.">ABA</cite></a>]) and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/melatonin"><cite title="definition of melatonin: Hormone naturally produced by a gland in the brain called the pineal gland. Melatonin is important for regulating sleep and other body functions. Melatonin can cause a feeling of sleepiness.">melatonin</cite></a> may be helpful in treating these <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title="definition of sleep disorder: A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p>Children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> often have <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title=" Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapies</cite></a> such as behavior <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title=" Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapy</cite></a> (<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba"><cite title=" A scientific approach for evaluating behavior. ABA provides scientific information that helps guide behavioral therapy approaches. ABA may also refer to any behavioral therapy that utilizes the scientific information about behavior.">applied behavior analysis</cite></a> [<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba"><cite title=" A scientific approach for evaluating behavior. ABA provides scientific information that helps guide behavioral therapy approaches. ABA may also refer to any behavioral therapy that utilizes the scientific information about behavior.">ABA</cite></a>]) and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/melatonin"><cite title=" Hormone naturally produced by a gland in the brain called the pineal gland. Melatonin is important for regulating sleep and other body functions. Melatonin can cause a feeling of sleepiness.">melatonin</cite></a> may be helpful in treating these <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>.</p> <p>The goals of this study were to see what types of children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> also have <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> and to see how often <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/parent"><cite title=" A parent is a person, usually a mother or father, who takes care of a child. Parents can be biological or adoptive. Parents teach social, moral, and communication skills to their children. They are responsible for their well-being and education.">parents</cite></a> of children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> reported <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>. More than half of children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> have <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/parent"><cite title=" A parent is a person, usually a mother or father, who takes care of a child. Parents can be biological or adoptive. Parents teach social, moral, and communication skills to their children. They are responsible for their well-being and education.">parents</cite></a> who reported <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>. The study showed that many children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> have <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> and that <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> are worse in children with more severe <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. Children who were on <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> (<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/melatonin"><cite title=" Hormone naturally produced by a gland in the brain called the pineal gland. Melatonin is important for regulating sleep and other body functions. Melatonin can cause a feeling of sleepiness.">melatonin</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a>, and diphenhydramine) to treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> had greater <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> than children who did not seek <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/treatment"><cite title=" Something given to or performed on a person to improve health or behaviors. A treatment can include medical interventions such as giving medications. A treatment can also include non-medical interventions such as acupuncture. A treatment is usually considered something done in limited numbers. A series of treatments is often called therapy.">treatment</cite></a>. In most cases children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> slept fewer (not more) hours than children without <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> applied behavior analysis (ABA) autism Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) drug melatonin parent sleep sleep disorder therapy treatment Thu, 16 Sep 2010 16:37:01 +0000 scottie 56564 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/pharmacologic-treatment-attention-deficit-and-hyperactivity-autism <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pharmacologic+Treatment+of+Attention+Deficit+and+Hyperactivity+in+Autism&amp;rft.title=Primary+Psychiatry&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.spage=55&amp;rft.epage=60&amp;rft.aulast=Kolevzon&amp;rft.auinit=A"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">The Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity in Autism</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/1416">Kolevzon A</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Primary Psychiatry</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2009</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">16</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">1</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">55-60</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1955">http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1955</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-abst-e">Teaser</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-abst-e"> <p>Some medications may improve attention spans and decrease <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title="definition of hyperactivity: A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a> in people with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title="definition of autism: Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p>Some medications may improve attention spans and decrease <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title=" A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a> in people with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.<br><br>The author describes clinical trials of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapies</cite></a> in <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/ritalin-methylin-methylphenidate-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Ritalin®, Ritalin LA®, Methylin Oral®, or Methylin® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).">Methylphenidate</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/strattera-atomoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera® is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera® works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. ">atomoxetine</cite></a> are both used to treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd"><cite title=" ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</cite></a>. These <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> may also help treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd"><cite title=" ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.">ADHD</cite></a>-like symptoms in people with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. In <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/ritalin-methylin-methylphenidate-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Ritalin®, Ritalin LA®, Methylin Oral®, or Methylin® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).">methylphenidate</cite></a> may work better for <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title=" A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a>, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/strattera-atomoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera® is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera® works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. ">atomoxetine</cite></a> may work better for attention deficits. Other <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapies</cite></a> may be helpful for <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd"><cite title=" ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.">ADHD</cite></a>-like symptoms in <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/haldol-haloperidol"><cite title=" Haldol® is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness. ">Haloperidol</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/risperdal-risperidone"><cite title=" 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. ">risperidone</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/tenex-intuniv-guanfacine"><cite title=" Tenex® or Intuniv® (extended release form) stimulates certain receptors in the brain and nervous system. Guanfacine is indicated for lowering blood pressure and improving attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Guanfacine may also be prescribed off-label for sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anti-social behaviors, oppositional disorder, and Tourette’s disorder. ">guanfacine</cite></a>, amntadine, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/revia-vivitrol-naltrexone"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia® is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol®. ">naltrexone</cite></a> have been researched. All of these <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> have shown improved behaviors in at least one study. However, other studies showed little or no effect of these <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> in <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) autism Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) Concerta (methylphenidate hydrochloride) drug Haldol (haloperidol) hyperactivity Revia - Vivitrol (naltrexone) Risperdal (risperidone) Ritalin - Methylin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) Strattera (atomoxetine hydrochloride) Tenex - Intuniv (guanfacine) therapy treatment Wed, 14 Oct 2009 18:20:41 +0000 scottie 3591 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/autism-spectrum-disorders-etiology-and-pharmacotherapy <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Autism+Spectrum+Disorders%3A+Etiology+and+Pharmacotherapy&amp;rft.title=Current+Drug+Therapy&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.spage=97&amp;rft.epage=103&amp;rft.aulast=Mohammedi&amp;rft.auinit=M-R"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology and Pharmacotherapy</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/954">Mohammedi M-R</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/955">Akhondzadeh S</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Current Drug Therapy</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2007</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">2</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">97-103</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.bentham.org/cdth/contabs/cdth2-2.htm#2">http://www.bentham.org/cdth/contabs/cdth2-2.htm#2</a></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p>This paper reviews the different <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapies</cite></a> for <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> <p>For example, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/antipsychotic"><cite title=" Medication that is usually used to treat psychosis, which is a mental state that involves a loss of contact with reality. Antipsychotics are also used to treat other nervous system conditions or disorders, such as autism. ">antipsychotics</cite></a> have been used as an <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/treatment"><cite title=" Something given to or performed on a person to improve health or behaviors. A treatment can include medical interventions such as giving medications. A treatment can also include non-medical interventions such as acupuncture. A treatment is usually considered something done in limited numbers. A series of treatments is often called therapy.">treatment</cite></a> to decrease <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a> and help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/impulsivity"><cite title=" Impulsivity is an action without the thought or understanding of consequences. Impulsivity or lack of self-control may be an issue in children with autism. Impulse control problems may be overcome with therapy, or a child may grow out of it naturally.">impulse control</cite></a>. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/eskalith-lithium-carbonate"><cite title=" Eskalith® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them. ">Lithium</cite></a> has been shown to help with mood in <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/adults-autism"><cite title=" Many children with autism grow up to become adolescents and adults with autism. The transition to adulthood generally begins around the age of 14 when preparation for adulthood begins. Adults with autism may be<br /> high-functioning (leading relatively normal lives) or low-functioning (needing constant care). One program that helps children make the transition to adulthood is Fast Forward.">adults with autism</cite></a> and manic problems. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/inderal-propranolol-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Known as a beta-blocker, Inderal® (Inderal® LA) is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Propranolol is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Propranolol is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. ">Propranolol</cite></a> (a beta blocker <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a>) has been shown to help severe <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a>. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> may help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title=" A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a> and irritability in patients with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. The authors conclude by stating that <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapy</cite></a> should only be used to help with behavior and treat certain symptoms that are common in people with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> adults with autism aggressive behavior antipsychotic autism autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) control drug Eskalith (lithium carbonate) etiology hyperactivity impulsivity Inderal (propranolol hydrochloride) pharmacotherapy therapy treatment Fri, 19 Dec 2008 14:14:31 +0000 scottie 1962 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/use-clonidine-children-autism-spectrum-disorders <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+Clonidine+in+Children+with+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders&amp;rft.title=Brain+%26amp%3B+Development&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.spage=454&amp;rft.epage=460&amp;rft.aulast=Ming&amp;rft.auinit=X"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Use of Clonidine in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/148">Ming X</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/1568">Gorden E</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/1569">Kang N</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/153">Wagner GC</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Brain &amp; Development</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2008</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">30</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">7</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">454-460</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280681?ordinalpos=3&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280681?ordinalpos=3&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p><a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> may help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep"><cite title=" Sleep is a natural and recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively little movement or sensory activity. It is a time of growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. Many people with autism have altered sleep patterns whereby they sleep less than the neurotypical population. ">sleep</cite></a> and mood problems in children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> <p><a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> acts on the brainstem and decreases heart rate and blood pressure. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> also seems to help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> and behavior problems such as <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a>, mood problems, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd"><cite title=" ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.">attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder</cite></a> (<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd"><cite title=" ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting in inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is not included in the autism spectrum disorders.">ADHD</cite></a>). More and more doctors are giving <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a> to children. This open label study was designed to see if the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a> <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a> was able to help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep"><cite title=" Sleep is a natural and recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively little movement or sensory activity. It is a time of growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. Many people with autism have altered sleep patterns whereby they sleep less than the neurotypical population. ">sleep</cite></a> and behavior problems in 19 children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. The study results were based largely on <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/parent"><cite title=" A parent is a person, usually a mother or father, who takes care of a child. Parents can be biological or adoptive. Parents teach social, moral, and communication skills to their children. They are responsible for their well-being and education.">parent</cite></a> reports.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> aggressive behavior attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) autism autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) drug hyperactivity parent sleep sleep disorder Mon, 15 Sep 2008 16:03:04 +0000 scottie 2734 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/psychopharmacology-aggression-children-and-adolescents-autism-critical-review-efficacy-and- <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Psychopharmacology+of+Aggression+in+Children+and+Adolescents+with+Autism%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+Efficacy+and+Tolerability&amp;rft.title=Journal+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychopharmacology&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.spage=157&amp;rft.epage=178&amp;rft.aulast=Parikh&amp;rft.aufirst=MS"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Psychopharmacology of Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Autism: A Critical Review of Efficacy and Tolerability</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/1415">Parikh MS</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/1416">Kolevzon A</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/219">Hollander E</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2008</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">18</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">2</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">157-178</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439113?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439113?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p>Five <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> have been shown to help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a> in children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>: <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/stablon-coaxil-tatinol-tianeptine"><cite title=" Other trade names are Coaxil® (Europe) and Tatinol® (Asia and Latin America). Drug currently approved for use in France that is an antidepressant. Tianeptine is a serotonin reuptake enhancer. This mechanism of action differs from many antidepressants that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Tianeptine has also been used to treat asthma in children, erectile dysfunction in men, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ">tianeptine</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/ritalin-methylin-methylphenidate-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Ritalin®, Ritalin LA®, Methylin Oral®, or Methylin® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).">methylphenidate</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/risperdal-risperidone"><cite title=" 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. ">risperidone</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a>, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/revia-vivitrol-naltrexone"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia® is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol®. ">naltrexone</cite></a>.</p> <p>This review article describes studies on the use of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapy</cite></a> used to treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a> in children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. The best research supports the use of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/risperdal-risperidone"><cite title=" 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. ">risperidone</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/ritalin-methylin-methylphenidate-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Ritalin®, Ritalin LA®, Methylin Oral®, or Methylin® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).">methylphenidate</cite></a> to treat symptoms of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a> in children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. The authors believe that future research should look to see if a class of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> known as <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/serotonin"><cite title=" Chemical that is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Serotonin is produced by certain types of neurons and by certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin is important in regulating mood, sleep, body temperature, appetite, and other processes in the body. ">serotonin</cite></a> reuptake inhibitors can also help treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a>. In all cases the authors suggest that studies start with a low dosage of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a> and slowly increase the amount of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a>. The authors also suggest that all future studies of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a> look to see if the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a> is able to help with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/aggressive-behavior"><cite title=" Behavior or action that intrudes on others and may be harmful to others. Aggressive behaviors may be physical or verbal.">aggression</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> aggressive behavior autism Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) Concerta (methylphenidate hydrochloride) drug Revia - Vivitrol (naltrexone) Risperdal (risperidone) Ritalin - Methylin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) serotonin Stablon - Coaxil - Tatinol (tianeptine) therapy Fri, 13 Jun 2008 14:32:52 +0000 scottie 2569 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/autism-assessment-and-management <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Autism%3A+Assessment+and+Management&amp;rft.title=Pak+J+Med+Sci&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.spage=970&amp;rft.epage=978&amp;rft.aulast=Azeem&amp;rft.aufirst=MW"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Autism: Assessment and Management</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/1239">Azeem MW</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/1240">Imran N</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Pak J Med Sci</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2007</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">23</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">6</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">970-978</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/octdec207/abstract/reviewarticle2.html">http://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/octdec207/abstract/reviewarticle2.html</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p>Several <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/treatment"><cite title=" Something given to or performed on a person to improve health or behaviors. A treatment can include medical interventions such as giving medications. A treatment can also include non-medical interventions such as acupuncture. A treatment is usually considered something done in limited numbers. A series of treatments is often called therapy.">treatments</cite></a> can be helpful for children with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> <p>This review article is written for general practitioners, pediatricians, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/psychiatrist"><cite title=" Medical physician (MD) who specializes in treating disorders of the brain, such as autism. Psychiatrists often prescribe medications to treat disorders of the brain.">psychiatrists</cite></a>, and other medical staff. It describes the best way to manage the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/treatment"><cite title=" Something given to or performed on a person to improve health or behaviors. A treatment can include medical interventions such as giving medications. A treatment can also include non-medical interventions such as acupuncture. A treatment is usually considered something done in limited numbers. A series of treatments is often called therapy.">treatment</cite></a> of people with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. The authors suggest <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/speech-therapy"><cite title=" Type of therapy that focuses on improving vocal communication and speech.">speech therapy</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/social-skills-groups"><cite title=" Tool for teaching appropriate social interaction in which children with autism meet regularly as a group with a therapist to learn about specific social situations. ">social skills training</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/school"><cite title=" Type of school that is supported through government funds.">school</cite></a> services, structured environments, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/occupational-therapy-ot"><cite title=" Type of therapy that focuses on helping people with autism learn functional physical skills that involve using their muscles. These skills may include writing, riding a bike, or catching a ball. Occupational therapists may also provide sensory integration therapy to children with autism and/or sensory integration disorder.">occupational therapy</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-aba"><cite title=" A scientific approach for evaluating behavior. ABA provides scientific information that helps guide behavioral therapy approaches. ABA may also refer to any behavioral therapy that utilizes the scientific information about behavior.">applied behavior analysis (ABA)</cite></a> <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title=" Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapy</cite></a>, and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug therapy</cite></a>. The authors describe several classes of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a>: stimulants, selective <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/serotonin"><cite title=" Chemical that is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Serotonin is produced by certain types of neurons and by certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin is important in regulating mood, sleep, body temperature, appetite, and other processes in the body. ">serotonin</cite></a> re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/anticonvulsant"><cite title=" Medication that prevents convulsing or seizures that occur with epilepsy. Epilepsy occurs in as many as 1 out of every 4 people with autism, and anticonvulsants are prescribed to help reduce seizures.">anticonvulsants</cite></a>, and sympatholytics (<a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a> and guanfecine). In order for <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/therapy"><cite title=" Intervention intended to help people with autism improve their health and behaviors. Therapy usually implies repeated sessions of treatments or activities. For example, speech therapy involves repeated visits with a trained therapist (or specialist) who works with the child to improve speech.">therapy</cite></a> to work, family has to be part of the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/treatment"><cite title=" Something given to or performed on a person to improve health or behaviors. A treatment can include medical interventions such as giving medications. A treatment can also include non-medical interventions such as acupuncture. A treatment is usually considered something done in limited numbers. A series of treatments is often called therapy.">treatment</cite></a>.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> anticonvulsant applied behavior analysis (ABA) autism Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) drug occupational therapy (OT) psychiatrist school serotonin social skills groups speech therapy therapy treatment Wed, 20 Feb 2008 16:31:23 +0000 scottie 2323 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/atomoxetine-treating-patients-autistic-disorder-0 <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Atomoxetine+Treating+Patients+with+Autistic+Disorder&amp;rft.title=Autism&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.spage=647&amp;rft.epage=650&amp;rft.aulast=Niederhofer&amp;rft.auinit=H"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">Atomoxetine Treating Patients with Autistic Disorder</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/421">Niederhofer H</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Autism</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2006</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">10</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">6</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">647-650</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=17088279&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=17088279&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p><a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/strattera-atomoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera® is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera® works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. ">Atomoxatine</cite></a> may help calm the irritability and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title=" A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a> that can be found in some individuals with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>.</p> <p>Several types of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> have been used to treat <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. These include <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a>, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/ritalin-methylin-methylphenidate-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Ritalin®, Ritalin LA®, Methylin Oral®, or Methylin® are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).">methylphenidate</cite></a>, and neuroleptics. The author describes in this letter the use of the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/antidepressant"><cite title=" Medication that acts on the brain to treat depression. Some antidepressants are also used to treat problem behaviors in people with autism.">antidepressant</cite></a> <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/strattera-atomoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera® is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera® works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. ">atomoxetine</cite></a> (40 mg/day) to treat a 22 year old man with <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/autism"><cite title=" Neurodevelopmental brain disorder that is characterized by deficits in social interactions and ability to communicate (verbal and nonverbal). People with autism often have atypical patterns of interest or behavior. The term “autism” is commonly used as a general term to include several disorders that fall under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which are sometimes also called pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).">autism</cite></a>. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/strattera-atomoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" This medication may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera® is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera® works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. ">Atomoxetine</cite></a> helped irritability, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/hyperactivity"><cite title=" A physical state of abnormal activity. Some research has shown that food additives may cause hyperactivity in children.">hyperactivity</cite></a>, poor eye contact, and inappropriate speech in the patient. The patient also showed increased drowsiness and decreased activity. The patient did not report any headaches or stomach aches.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> antidepressant autism Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) Concerta (methylphenidate hydrochloride) drug hyperactivity Ritalin - Methylin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) speech therapy Strattera (atomoxetine hydrochloride) Tue, 16 Jan 2007 19:23:07 +0000 scottie 1093 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/neuropathology-medical-management-and-dental-implications-autism <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Neuropathology%2C+Medical+Management%2C+and+Dental+Implications+of+Autism&amp;rft.title=Journal+of+the+American+Dental+Association&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=137&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.spage=1517&amp;rft.epage=1527&amp;rft.aulast=Friedlander&amp;rft.aufirst=AH"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">The Neuropathology, Medical Management, and Dental Implications of Autism</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/399">Friedlander AH</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/400">Yagiela JA</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/401">Paterno VA</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/402">Mahler ME</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Journal of the American Dental Association</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2006</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">137</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-issue">Issue</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-issue">11</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">1517-1527</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=17082277&amp;query_hl=5&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=17082277&amp;query_hl=5&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p><a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/parent"><cite title=" A parent is a person, usually a mother or father, who takes care of a child. Parents can be biological or adoptive. Parents teach social, moral, and communication skills to their children. They are responsible for their well-being and education.">Parents</cite></a> should <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/communication"><cite title=" Communication is letting another person know what you are thinking or feeling. Communication can be verbal, written, and/or movement, such as sign-language. It is important for parents to learn to communicate with their child with autism and to encourage their child to communicate. Good communication skills may increase speech, social interaction, lower frustration and anger, and help limit bad behavior.">communicate</cite></a> to dentists any <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> that have been prescribed to the child as the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> may have orofacial side effects and/or may interact with any <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> prescribed by the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/dentist"><cite title=" Health care specialist trained in taking care of the mouth and the teeth.">dentist</cite></a>.</p> <p>For example, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/risperdal-risperidone"><cite title=" 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. ">risperidone</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/zyprexa-olanzapine"><cite title=" Psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Zyprexa® is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa® Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Zyprexa® works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth. Other forms of this medication are called Zyprexa® Zydis®, or Zyprexa® Intramuscular.">olanzapine</cite></a> may cause problems with speech, swallowing, and the use of retainers. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/prozac-sarafem-fluoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Prozac® and Sarafem® are antidepressants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, fluoxetine can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Fluoxetine is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.">Fluoxetine</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/zoloft-sertraline-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Zoloft® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft® is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.">sertraline</cite></a> may cause diarrhea, nausea, and possibly changes in the speed at which blood clots. In addition, <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/prozac-sarafem-fluoxetine-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Prozac® and Sarafem® are antidepressants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, fluoxetine can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Fluoxetine is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.">fluoxetine</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/zoloft-sertraline-hydrochloride"><cite title=" Zoloft® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft® is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.">sertraline</cite></a> may interact with other <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drugs</cite></a> prescribed by the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/dentist"><cite title=" Health care specialist trained in taking care of the mouth and the teeth.">dentist</cite></a> including codeine, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/carbatrol-equetro-tegretol-carbamazepine"><cite title=" Carbamazepine is the generic for three brand name drugs, Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups.</p> <p>Tegretol® is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Tegretol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.</p> <p>Carbatrol® may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.</p> <p>Equetro® is an extended-release formulation of carbamazepine. It is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.">Carbamazepine</cite></a> and <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/depakene-valproic-acid"><cite title=" Depakene® is available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. Valproate is the sodium salt form of valproic acid.">valproate</cite></a> may also have a negative effect on the ability of blood to clot. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> may magnify the effects of any pain killers used during a <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/dentist"><cite title=" Health care specialist trained in taking care of the mouth and the teeth.">dental</cite></a> procedure or in recovery from a procedure.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> autism Carbatrol - Equetro - Tegretol (carbamazepine) Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) communication dentist Depakene (valproic acid) drug parent Prozac - Sarafem (fluoxetine hydrochloride) Risperdal (risperidone) speech therapy Zoloft (sertraline hydrochloride) Zyprexa (olanzapine) Thu, 23 Nov 2006 15:42:50 +0000 scottie 335 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com http://autism.healingthresholds.com/research/use-clonidine-severe-and-intractable-sleep-problems-children-neurodevelopmental-disorders-c <div id="biblio-node"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Clonidine+for+Severe+and+Intractable+Sleep+Problems+in+Children+with+Neurodevelopmental+Disorders%3A++A+Case+Series&amp;rft.title=Eur+Child+Adolesc+Psychiatry&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.spage=34&amp;rft.epage=40&amp;rft.aulast=Ingrassia&amp;rft.auinit=A"></span><table> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-title">Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-title">The Use of Clonidine for Severe and Intractable Sleep Problems in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Case Series</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-type">Publication Type</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-type">Journal Article</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-authors">Authors</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-authors"><a href="/research-index/author/231">Ingrassia A</a>, <a href="/research-index/author/232">Turk J</a></td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-secondary-title">Journal Title</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-secondary-title">Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-year">Year of Publication</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-year">2005</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-volume">Volume</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-volume">14</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-pages">Pages</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-pages">34-40</td> </tr> <tr class="even"><td class="biblio-row-title biblio-field-title-url">URL for Abstract</td><td class="biblio-field-contents-url"><a href="http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/xu34031672273w54/?p=474397ae9da54ef0b4c74d40c601f351&amp;pi=4">http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/xu34031672273w54/?p=474397ae9da54ef0b4c74d40c601f351&amp;pi=4</a></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"><td valign="top">Full Text</td><td> <p><a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> may help children with severe <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a> <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep"><cite title=" Sleep is a natural and recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively little movement or sensory activity. It is a time of growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. Many people with autism have altered sleep patterns whereby they sleep less than the neurotypical population. ">sleep</cite></a> longer. Children with developmental problems often have serious <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep-disorder"><cite title=" A sleep disorder is a disruption in a restful period of sleep. Many children with autism have problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep disorders can cause a decrease in the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. ">sleep problems</cite></a>. This can cause daytime behavior problems and place stress on the family. This study looked at the <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep"><cite title=" Sleep is a natural and recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively little movement or sensory activity. It is a time of growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. Many people with autism have altered sleep patterns whereby they sleep less than the neurotypical population. ">sleep</cite></a> habits of six children who usually got 2-4 hours of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/sleep"><cite title=" Sleep is a natural and recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively little movement or sensory activity. It is a time of growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems. Many people with autism have altered sleep patterns whereby they sleep less than the neurotypical population. ">sleep</cite></a> nightly. While taking <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a>, the children slept about 5 hours nightly. These children took 75-125 micrograms of <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">clonidine</cite></a> at morning and night. Some children had daytime drowsiness as a side effect. <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/catapres-duraclon-clonidine"><cite title=" Catapres® (generic name clonidine) is usually prescribed to treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing cardiac output. It has also been used to help alcohol withdrawal, tobacco smoking withdrawal, and diabetic diarrhea. It has been prescribed off-label in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette’s Syndrome. Catapres is available as tablets and transdermal patches. Duraclon® is in the form of epidural injections, which are made directly into the nervous system through the spine. It is primarily limited to relief of severe pain, as in cancer patients.">Clonidine</cite></a> is a <a class="glossary-term" href="/therapy/drug"><cite title=" Chemical or medication that leads to changes in the body, usually with the goal of improving health. In some cases drugs can be abused, as in illegal drugs. Drugs include medications prescribed by medical professionals, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. ">drug</cite></a> normally used to treat high-blood pressure.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> Catapres - Duraclon (clonidine) drug neurodevelopmental disorders sleep sleep disorder Fri, 27 Oct 2006 06:44:39 +0000 dankohn 227 at http://autism.healingthresholds.com