A number of drugs are used, with indications and off-label, to treat symptoms associated with autism and additional conditions (comorbidities) associated with autism. These may include anxiety, epilepsy, and attention deficit disorders. The only two drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administraion to treat symptoms related to autism are Risperdal and Abilify. The drugs in the table below may be given to people on the autism spectrum. Click on the drug name to see all research articles, news, and comments on our site about that drug.
At Healing Thresholds, we believe that a therapy program should be specific to the child and evolve with the child. In some cases, and at some times, a therapy program may include drug therapy. The use of any prescribed medication should be closely monitored by a physician.
| Name | Generic Name | Description |
| Abilify | aripiprazole | This antidepressant was recently approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age. It is also indicated for treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in adults and children. Adults are prescribed Abilify as an add-on antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. |
| ActoPlus MET | pioglitazone hydrocloride and metformin hydrochloride | ActoPlus MET is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes in patients who are not helped by treatment with metformin or pioglitazone alone. This combination medication works by decreasing insulin resistance and by improving sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Actos | pioglitazone hydrocloride | Actos is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Actos works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Actos has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Actos is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Adderall | amphetamine | Adderall XR is the slow release form. Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and in nerves. These brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) regulate activity and impulse control. Adderall is prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep). It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: amphetamines have a high potential for abuse. Administration of amphetamines for long periods may lead to drug dependence and must be avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-therapeutic use or distribution to others, and the drugs should be prescribed or dispensed sparingly. Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events. |
| Anafranil | clomipramine hydrocloride |
Anafranil is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is usually used to treat depression in adults. It is also approved for use in children (at least 8 years old) to treat obsessions and compulsions associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect from the drug is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Aricept | donepezil hydrochloride | Aricept (the generic is donepezil hydrochloride) is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Aricept ODT is the orally disintegrating tablet form of Aricept. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept or Aricept ODT may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept or Aricept ODT are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia. |
| Ativan | lorazepam | Ativan is an anti-anxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Ativan is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression. |
| Bethanechol | bethanechol chloride | Bethanechol is prescribed for triggering urination and emptying of the bladder when urine is being retained. |
| Buspar | buspirone hydrochloride | Buspar is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspar may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspar has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism. |
| Carbatrol - Equetro - Tegretol |
carbamazepine | Carbamazepine is the generic for three brand name drugs, Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. Tegretol is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Tegretol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Carbatrol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Equetro is an extended-release formulation of carbamazepine. It is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. |
| Clozaril - FazaClo | clozapine |
This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozapine is the generic and FazaClo® is the orally disintegrating form. Clozaril® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozaril is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking Clozaril need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects. |
| Concerta | methylphenidate hydrochloride | Some children with autism also have ADHD and this drug may be helpful in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Concerta is a stimulant that is approved in the United States for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. It is understood that drug therapy is typically only one aspect of a treatment plan to help a child overcome symptoms of ADHD. |
| Depakene | valproic acid |
Depakene is available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Depakote | divalproex sodium |
Depakote is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. Depakote is usually prescribed to treat mania in people with manic-depressive disorder, to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, and to prevent migraines. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of Depakote need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Dexedrine - Dexedrine Spansule | dextroamphetamine sulfate | Dexedrine is typically prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6-16 years of age and for narcolepsy (falling asleep). The sustained release, Spansule Sustained-Release Capsules, are not recommended for children less than 6 years old. It may also be prescribed off-label for hyperactivity in children with autism and for adults with ADHD. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is an amphetamine that stimulates the brain and nervous system. Caution: Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and may lead to drug dependence. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility that the amphetamines are being used or given to other people for non-therapeutic use. Also, misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular (heart-related) adverse events. |
| Diastat | diazepam | Diastat is a sedative in a rectal gel form. Diastat is administered to people who are having severe seizures as a short-term treatment. Diastat may be prescribed for people with autism who also have epilepsy, and would usually be administered during the seizure. |
| Diflucan | fluconazole | Diflucan is an anti-fungal antibiotic that is prescribed to treat fungus infections in any part of the body. Diflucan is often prescribed to treat fungal infections in people with weak immune systems. Diflucan may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help relieve their autism symptoms, based on the idea that autism symptoms may be related to fungus infections in children. |
| Dilantin | phenytoin sodium | Dilantin is an antiepileptic drug that is indicated for helping to control seizures in children and adults. If a patient would like to stop Dilantin therapy then he or she should do so gradually under a doctor’s supervision in order to avoid seizures. |
| Endrate | edetate disodium |
Endrate is administered I.V., and recommended only for severe cases of metal poisoning because of the risk of serious side effects, including death. Endrate chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. Endrate is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults. Endrate should not be used in children because of the risk of death, according to the FDA and the CDC. Endrate has been confused with Versenate (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Eskalith | lithium carbonate |
Eskalith (lithium carbonate): Eskalith® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them. |
| Fortamet - Glumetza | metformin hydrochloride | Fortamet or Glumetza (extended release tablet) is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Metformin works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication. |
| Geodon | ziprasidone |
Geodon is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, aggression, self-abusive behavior, temper tantrums, lability (mood swings), social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors. Geodon is currently in clinical trials to test effectiveness in children with autism. Some children have improved with treatment. Geodon is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Geodon works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. |
| Haldol | haloperidol |
Haldol is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness. |
| Inderal | propranolol hydrochloride | Known as a beta-blocker, Inderal is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Inderal is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Inderal is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. Inderal LA is a long-acting form of Inderal. |
| Klonopin | clonazepam | Clonazepam is indicated for use to treat seizure disorders and panic disorder. It may also be prescribed off-label for other conditions. Klonopin is one of a group of drugs called the benzodiazepines; it works by correcting imbalances in brain chemistry which may cause anxiety. Clonazepam may be habit-forming. Patients should not stop taking the drug suddenly before consulting a physician because the drug dose may need to be lowered slowly over time. |
| Invega | paliperidone | Paliperidone is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Invega belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, lightheadedness, restlessness, and weight gain. More serious side effects can occur, and close communication with the physician that prescribed the medication is advised. |
| Lamictal | lamotrigine | Lamictal is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamictal is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamictal seems to change how neurons turn on and off, which affects the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional. |
| Luvox | fluvoxamine maleate | Luvox is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who are at least 8 years old. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect of Luvox is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully against the clinical need for the drug. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Mycostatin |
nystatin | Oral medication is Nystatin; cream form is Mycostatin. Mycostatin and Nystatin are prescribed to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal (digestive) tract. |
| Namenda | memantine hydrochloride |
Namenda is available as tablets or oral solution. It is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. Namenda may be prescribed off-label for people with autism in an effort to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Namenda is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors). |
| Paxil | paroxetine | Paroxetine is an antidepressant that is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by restoring the balance of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to improve certain mood problems. Paxil® is prescribed for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may also be prescribed for people with autism. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Pepcid | famotidine | Pepcid is a type of histamine-2 blockers that decreases the amount of acid that the stomach produces. Pepcid® is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines. It also treats other conditions in which the acid produced by the stomach is a problem, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn. |
| Provigil | modafinil | Provigil promotes wakefulness. The FDA approved modafinil to treat narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. Off-label, modafinil is used by sleep deprived people to stay awake and to treat fatigue, depression, multiple sclerosis and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The FDA rejected an application by the manufacturer to use modafinil as an ADHD drug due to the side effect of serious rashes. Modafinil is not approved for use in children under the age of 17. Side effects may include serious rash, chest pain, anxiety, stuffy nose, diarrhea, back pain, sleepiness and nausea or upset stomach. |
| Prozac | fluoxetine hydrochloride |
Prozac is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, Prozac can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Prozac® is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Remeron | mirtazapine | Mirtazapine is an antidepressant that adjusts the balance of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Remeron® belongs to a class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants and is chemically different from serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MAOs. It is FDA-approved for use in treating major depression in adults. Mirtazapine may also be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Side-effects include abnormal dreams and thinking, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, flu-like symptoms, increased appetite, sleepiness, weakness, and weight gain. In clinical studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of mirtazapine or any other antidepressant in a child or adolescent must balance this risk with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Revia - Vivitrol |
naltrexone |
This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol. |
| Risperdal | risperidone | Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. |
| Ritalin - Methylin |
methylphenidate hydrochloride | Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Methylin Oral, or Methylin are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times). |
| Rozerem | ramelteon | Ramelteon is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well). Ramelteon stimulates melatonin receptors in the nervous system, thereby promoting sleepiness. Many children with autism have problems sleeping and ramelteon is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism. |
| Sarafem | fluoxetine hydrochloride | Sarafem is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. Sarafem is indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a syndrome associated with menstruation in adult women. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Sporanox | itraconazole | Sporanox is prescribed to treat serious fungal infections which may invade any part of the body including mouth, throat, lungs, or nails. |
| Stablon - Coaxil - Tatinol |
tianeptine | Other trade names are Coaxil (Europe) and Tatinol (Asia and Latin America). Drug currently approved for use in France that is an antidepressant. Tianeptine is a serotonin reuptake enhancer. This mechanism of action differs from many antidepressants that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Tianeptine has also been used to treat asthma in children, erectile dysfunction in men, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). |
| Strattera | atomoxetine hydrochloride | Strattera may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Symbyax | fluoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine | Medication containing a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. Symbyax is indicated for treatment of depression in bipolar disorder. Symbyax contains an antidepressant (fluoxetine) and an antipsychotic (olanzapine). Symbyax may be prescribed for people with autism to decrease anger, aggression, and repetitive movements; and to improve social interactions. |
| Tenex - Intuniv | guanfacine | Tenex or Intuniv (extended release form) stimulates certain receptors in the brain and nervous system. Guanfacine is indicated for lowering blood pressure and improving attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Guanfacine may also be prescribed off-label for sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anti-social behaviors, oppositional disorder, and Tourette’s disorder. |
| Thorazine - Thorazine Spansule | chlorpromazine | Thorazine Spansule is the name for the sustained-release form. Chlorpromazine is available in tablet or injection form, and as suppositories. In children 1-12 years old, Thorazine may be prescribed for the treatment of severe behavioral problems such as combativeness and/or explosive hyperexcitable behavior. It is also prescribed for short-term treatment of hyperactive children who show excessive motor activity and conduct disorders that may include impulsivity, difficulty sustaining attention, aggressiveness, mood swings, and poor frustration tolerance. Thorazine is approved for the treatment of a number of other different conditions, including schizophrenia, severe nausea and vomiting, manic type of manic-depressive disorder. |
| Tofranil | imipramine hydrochloride | Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that is usually prescribed for depression, and for childhood enuresis (bed-wetting). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Topamax | topiramate | Topamax is an anticonvulsant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce irritability and self-injuring behaviors. Topamax can also help reduce seizures. Topamax is indicated for reducing seizures in people with epilepsy for ages 2 years old and up; and also for preventing migraine headaches. Topamax is available as tablets and as sprinkle capsules that can be taken as a whole capsule or sprinkled on food. This medication may have a side effect of metabolic acidosis (the blood getting too acidic). People taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional and may require regular blood tests. |
| Trileptal | oxcarbazepine | This anti-seizure medication affects the way neurons are turned on and off. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Valium - Diastat |
diazepam | Valium is a sedative that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce aggression and anxiety, or for seizures. It also comes as Valium Injection, or Diastat, a rectal gel form. The response to diazepam can vary between individuals with autism, so each individual should be monitored carefully. Diazepam is indicated for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as supplemental medication for severe seizure disorders. |
| Versenate | edetate calcium disodium | Versenate chelates or strongly binds to divalent and trivalent metals including lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, and mercury. Versenate is usually prescribed for metal poisoning, particularly lead. Versenate may be used in children with autism to reduce heavy metals in their body in an effort to improve behaviors. While Versenate may be prescribed for children, serious side effects (including death) can occur as a result of Versenate therapy. Versenate has been confused with Endrate (edentate disodium), which is usually administered only to adults under emergency circumstances because of the risk of death. Endrate should not be used in children, according to the FDA and the CDC. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Xanax | alprazolam | Alprazolam is one of a type of medications called benzodiazepines. It works by helping restore chemical balance in the brain when there are imbalances that may cause anxiety. Alprazolam is typically used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and anxiety caused by depression. It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: alprazolam may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Alprazolam should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. The medication should be kept in a secure place where others cannot get to it. |
| Zoloft | sertraline hydrochloride | Zoloft is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Zyprexa | olanzapine |
Zyprexa is a psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Zyprexa® is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Zyprexa works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth. Other forms of this medication are called Zyprexa Zydis, or Zyprexa Intramuscular. |









Please comment on this autism topic.
Do what we gotta do
Aug 19, 2007 by AnonymousI see that summer is just a slower time of year for family “news,” as I read my last blog which was over a month ago. Since it’s back-to-school time, I expect to have a lot more to say in the coming weeks and months.
The only big thing that’s happened with Thomas recently was the EEG last Thursday. The prep wasn’t nearly as difficult for Thomas as it was for me and Jonathan. And no, the whole family wasn’t up at 1:30 a.m. – Hayley actually slept through until 6:30 a.m., despite Thomas’ gleeful shrieking over the paper airplane Jonathan made. We had it all planned out: I would take the first three-hour shift, and Jonathan would take the next. I’d be up with Thomas from 1:30 a.m. to 4:30 a.m. and then get to sleep. I woke at the specified time and Thomas woke up pretty well. Unfortunately for Mr. Second-Shift, Thomas wanted Daddy to get up with him. Ha! I was already awake and pumped for middle-of-the-night play activities, so we both just stuck out the whole night. Thomas was a little confused, but I had drawn pictures for him on Wednesday depicting the whole gruesome affair.
Patrice came at 9:00 a.m. to take care of Hayley while we were at the hospital, so we left. I sat in back with Thomas who was then catching his second wind and did a better job of keeping me awake than I did of keeping him awake. He was really jacked-up by the time we got into the EEG room, and I thought that there was absolutely no way that we were going to get him to sleep. The nurse who took us through the procedure was very nice and personable and did a good job of distracting Thomas while she gooped Silly Putty-like stuff on his head and stuck the leads (twenty in all!) to him. Jonathan was in the bed with Thomas (at Thomas’ request; that day was all about Daddy…he wanted nothing to do with me for a change), and I dozed in a rocking chair. Really, Jonathan and I would have performed splendidly ourselves had we been the patients. Thomas seemed like he was close to sleep as the nurse finished the sticky part, but as soon as she dimmed the lights and left, Thomas started whining and poking at the wires which were undoubtedly uncomfortable and it took him about forty-five minutes to actually fall asleep. Before he did, though, the nurse had him look at the strobe light to see if that triggered anything.
Once Thomas fell asleep, the EEG only took an additional fifteen minutes. We woke him up and he cried nonstop after that while the leads came off and the nurse shampooed his hair. He cried until we got into the elevator at which time he turned off the waterworks and was his normal self again. He actually stayed awake the whole way home and for the rest of the day, though he had this funny look on his face on the ride home. His eyes were wide open and his brow was furrowed – he looked like an adult going on very little sleep! It was kind of funny. Everyone slept very well that night!
I’m still waiting to hear from the neurologist who should give us a call tomorrow or Tuesday to discuss the results. If Thomas does not have epilepsy, then I’m going to have a serious chat with the doctor about what results we could expect from this sleep study she’ll prescribe. If there is a strong likelihood that we will learn nothing from a sleep study, that we will have no more answers after the test than we did before it, then I’m not so sure I’m going to take Thomas down that path. I’m certain that this doctor has ideas about what a sleep study could reveal, but I’m going to want her to spell those ideas out very clearly to me before we go ahead. If she’s being rather vague and unclear about what a sleep study could tell us then I’m going to say, “You’re being rather vague and unclear about what a sleep study could tell us. Please explain again why this test is worth the preparation, time and money.” Because she has been so wishy-washy about the whole Namenda/Memantine thing, I’m thinking that she’s one of these doctors who doesn’t really care to go into a whole lot of explanation about her motives. Unfortunately for her and other medical professionals, I’ve become the sort of person who demands a sensible and coherent explanation. Either way, I guess we’ll continue to do what we gotta do. I just hope we don’t gotta do the sleep study.
Jonathan and I were discussing how much Thomas has improved over the summer. He’s doing a lot better with transitions, and even his temper tantrums have gotten less horrible. The bad ones are still really bad, but they’re fewer and farther between than before. I’ve been taking the kids to the zoo by myself lately, and there’s a merry-go-round there. It has all different animals on it (even cicadas!), but no horses. Anyway, the first time I took them (by myself) Thomas wanted to ride the carousel. I bought tickets and we got in line; we rode and then it was time to get off. Only Thomas didn’t want to. I ended up dragging him away, but instead of hitting me and screaming, he just sat on a bench and cried. It was the best! We just sat there and waited for him to feel better, and when he did we continued with our day. It was great! Plenty of kids get over-stimulated and end up crying at the zoo! Nobody was staring at me because my son was abusing me and I was just taking it! Nobody was looking on while Thomas slapped my face and hit his head and spat at me! Just crying…in the words of Homer Simpson, “Woo-hoo!”
We’ve been mentioning school more and more lately, and while Thomas would get upset as recently as a couple weeks ago at the mere mention of teachers and busses, he now is pleased to say that yes, he would like to ride the bus again and yes, he would like to go to school again. Huzzah! Everything is falling into place. I am eagerly awaiting a call from Thomas’ teacher to schedule a home visit. I just wish that this could happen sooner in the summer than late August. When the teacher comes to call, she has a list of supplies she’d like parents to purchase for the school year, but by the time I get this list, the stores have been cleaned out of markers, glue sticks, folders, tape and most other items on the list. I ended up going to a scrapbook store last year for the glue sticks and I think they weren’t the right ones anyway. And there’s no pre-prepared list sent by the school; every teacher has different requirements. At least the Superman backpack from last year is in good enough condition for use this year.
We have something exciting to look forward to in my family over the coming months: My youngest sister has recently become engaged to her boyfriend of seven years, and we are all just thrilled! I’m really excited because this is the promise, albeit far-away, of a get-dressed-up (even if it is in a bridesmaid’s dress) and-ditch-the-kids-for-the-weekend kind of affair. Luckily, my sister has decided that there will be no ring-bearer or flower girl, so Thomas and Hayley will be spending the day doing something else. We’ll show them plenty of pictures after. I wonder who the lucky party will be that gets to watch Thomas and Hayley? We have plenty of time to riddle that one out!
Keep those diagnoses comin'!
Jul 26, 2007 by AnonymousLots has happened since my last blog. My grandmother’s birthday party was a complete surprise to her, even though I had my doubts. How do you keep fifty family members from accidentally spilling the beans? Somehow, though, it came off without a hitch. The only problem we had was that Thomas and Jonathan missed the surprise because Thomas was concerned with the fact that we had left our car on the next block. He kept wandering over there and Jonathan had to follow. Once the surprise was over, I moved the car to our usual Uncle Tom’s House parking spot and Thomas settled down. Again, the kids swam until it was dark. We had a really good time and Grandma was very surprised.
We visited the neurologist again last week and we chatted for a while about Thomas’ nighttime antics. The Clonidine is still not keeping him asleep like the doctor thought it would, so we talked about exactly what he does when he gets up in the night. After thinking for a moment, the neurologist asked that we bring Thomas for an EEG (electroencephalogram), when they put stickers and wires on his head while he’s sleeping and wait for something (a seizure) to happen. The doctor was concerned, after I told her about how Thomas wet his bed several times in one night and seems to have a “lights are on but no one’s home” look about him when he wakes, that he is having seizures. I’ve been asked many times before if Thomas has seizures, but I wrongly assumed that seizure behavior is passing out and writhing on the floor for a few seconds. After educating myself with the pamphlet entitled “Understanding Epilepsy” that the doctor provided, I’ve learned that seizures can be a blank stare, slight twitching, a single severe muscle spasm and other things I had never thought of as “seizure behavior”. Once she gave me that particular piece of literature, a red flag was raised: So Thomas could have epilepsy ON TOP OF autism? Swell! Let’s keep those diagnoses comin’! By the way, I gave the neurologist the studies on Namenda/Memantine, and she remains unconvinced that there is enough information available on the drug for use in children with ASD. I’m not sure what to do next…how much money would I need to bribe her, I wonder? Maybe I should turn these requests into a singing telegram. I can bring balloons and my tap shoes next time and wear an ape suit.
Thomas may not have epilepsy, in fact; the doctor wants the EEG just to make sure that epileptic seizures are not to blame for the sleeping problems. So if Thomas has the EEG and it’s abnormal, then we come back for a consultation with the neuro. If the EEG is normal, then she wants him to do a sleep study. I’m so excited for these tests that I can’t even express it in words!
Not.
The preparation for an EEG is horrific. I mean, if I was the one who had to have the test, it would be no big deal. The fact that I have to prepare a four-and-a-half year-old autistic child for it absolutely curls my hair. The whole idea of this test is to get a look at the brain waves while Thomas is sleeping, so sleep deprivation is key to the success of the EEG. The person on the phone instructed me to put Thomas down for bed at the normal time and then wake him at 1:30 a.m. (in the morning, in case you missed the “a.m.”) and keep him awake until the test which is scheduled for 10:45 a.m. Trying to get him to stay awake in the car on the way there is going to be a scream! Jonathan is taking that day off work so that one of us can drive the car while the other entertains Thomas. If we can just get him to stay up all that time, the test should go fairly smoothly. Of course, I’m going to need someone to keep me awake all those hours. Everyone’s sleep schedule is going to be completely screwed up. I already know exactly what’s going to happen. Our whole family is going to be up at 1:30 a.m. like a bunch of vampires.
The main thing is that I really don’t know what to hope for in all of this. Like, what are the best-case and worst-case scenarios? How can the best-case be that Thomas has epilepsy? That’s just silly. Then again, if he doesn’t have epilepsy, we have to dig even further and do a sleep study (again, my hair is curling just thinking about that) and continue to grab at straws. Then, they may want to do an all-day EEG where I have to get Thomas to walk around like Frankenstein for twenty-four hours with a mobile EEG pack around his waist and wires sticking out of his head. What should I hope for? This may sound horrible, but I would be fine with it if Thomas has epilepsy. My best friend has epilepsy and she’s completely normal with her daily medication. If epilepsy would help us pinpoint Thomas’ sleeping problems, fine. So we’re beginning another journey to possible diagnosis, and possible nothing. This whole thing may lead us to no answers at all. “Yeah, your son has sleep problems. We can’t figure out why. That’ll be nine zillion dollars. Have a nice day!”
Yeah, yeah, I’ll try to stay optimistic. The EEG is scheduled for August 16th.
Otherwise Thomas has been pretty good. We’ve gotten Hayley almost completely potty-trained, so we’re done with diapers! She sometimes doesn’t make it through the night without wetting the bed, so we’re putting her in a diaper at bedtime (okay, so not “done-done” with diapers, but pretty close). In the morning, bless her little heart, she gets up and goes to the bathroom all by herself without waking me up! She’s doing a great job (even with #2!) and we’re so proud of her. Thomas is obsessed with our cars (again or still?) and demands that I pull our truck in the garage in the morning so he can look at it and get in and out of it. He enjoys it and it’s not hurting anyone, so I let him do it. He has been talking about how he wants to be a racecar driver, which is cute. Today he wanted us to go to the “car store” and buy a Toyota Highlander like the one my dad drives. I told him that I don’t have enough money to buy one and that they cost around forty thousand dollars. Thomas remained firm in his desire despite my silly lack-of-funds problem. He’ll just have to wait for Grandpa to work on our boring old Suburban again so we can borrow his car.
Any comments?
Jul 2, 2007 by AnonymousSummer is flying by, as usual. It’s nearly the Fourth of July, which is the unofficial halfway-point of the season. Everyone here is okay, but getting over bronchitis. Jonathan came down with a severely debilitating cold last weekend, just in time for Hayley’s birthday party. Thomas escaped the illness and is doing just okay on the Clonidine. (By the way, I realized that I’ve been spelling “Namenda” incorrectly in previous blogs; consider this an editorial correction.) It’s definitely helping him get to sleep at night, which is really wonderful. We’ve been playing around with the dosage time to get it so that Thomas is sleepy at bedtime. The doctor told us to give it to him at bath time which can be different every night, so we settled on 7:00 p.m.
In the almost two weeks that Thomas has been taking Clonidine, there were only two nights in which it didn’t help, so we’re very pleased with the difference it makes in bedtime. Thomas goes to sleep in a matter of minutes instead of hours. However, it hasn’t made any improvements in undesirable behaviors as far as I can tell. I’m fairly certain that the neurologist will be increasing the dosage. My speculation, and this is by no means a suggestion that I know what I’m doing when it comes to prescription medications, is that Thomas will eventually be taking either a half-pill in the evening and in the morning, or a whole pill in the evening and a half in the morning. I’m thinking that it may not make him as drowsy in the morning after a full night’s sleep. Again, I will leave it to the doctor’s good offices to advise us. I’m going to call her tomorrow and give her the update.
Armed with the new medicine, we went up to my mother-in-law’s cottage this weekend for the Fourth of July. It felt a lot better to be going up there with the knowledge that Thomas would definitely be going to sleep before midnight. Usually, we have to plan carefully so that we avoid the kids (especially Thomas) going to sleep in the car and thus pushing bedtime back to midnight or even later. They didn’t go to sleep in the car this time, and we gave Thomas his medicine just as were getting to the exit that leads to the cottage. He fell asleep about an hour and a half later
As usual, it was an exhausting weekend spent chasing the kids around until bedtime. Just getting Thomas to come inside for meals is an ordeal, and we definitely can’t contain him there like we can at home, since all of the doors stay unlocked and people go in and out all day. Thomas can and does quietly fly out the door unnoticed much of the time and Jonathan and I have trained our ears to listen for the soft swish of the screen door and little feet running across the deck. It’s so hard to go up there, but the kids love it so we’re still willing to go. But that’s pretty much the only reason! Jonathan and I have very little “fun” up there, but very few people understand that. We don’t like to go because it usually means a weekend of trying to control Thomas and not having fun playing games and talking with the other grown-ups. I do get to ride on the boats with Hayley because she always wants to go, but that means leaving Jonathan with Thomas (or vice-versa).
With the above in mind, Jonathan and I had a brainstorm on the way home yesterday. We thought about bringing my cousin Patrice up there the next time we go, if she’s available. She’s been over twice to take care of the kids while I accomplished various errands, and both Thomas and Hayley love her. This is a good idea, I think, but it makes me feel very guilty. I hear this little voice in my head saying, “No fair bringing hired help! You’ve got two little kids…you don’t get to have cocktails on the deck or lounge in the sun on the pier for at least a few more years! You wanted to have kids – deal with it!” Other people up there have two or more kids that they have to keep tabs on. Are Jonathan and I being overly-cautious by following our kids around like a couple of overly-protective watchdogs? Am I paranoid? I mean, with a lake on one end of the property, a not-busy-but-fast road on the other side and nary a fence to be found, I think that diligence is what’s called for. Even a fence wouldn’t help with Thomas, though. He likes to play on the neighbor’s swing-set, which is fine with them, but if this hypothetical fence cut Thomas off from anything he really wanted to get to, it wouldn’t work. He’d either climb it or figure out how to open it. Naturally, Jonathan and I spend our days up there playing tag-team and trying to find each other to watch both kids when one of us has to go to the bathroom! And if one of us gets called away on a project, the other one has to figure out a way to bisect them self.
Then again, I feel selfish wanting to bring Patrice up to Wisconsin. Nobody else brings “help” to watch their kids. We’ve only got two, not a dozen! I don’t want to appear snooty, and I’m not sure if I could really relax with a book or something while Patrice runs around after the kids. To me, that would seem very weird. Does anyone else have any opinions? I’d love to hear any comments about this quandary. Should we just suck it up and resign ourselves to going up to the cottage not for our enjoyment, but the kids’ enjoyment? Do we not get to have fun and games until the kids are old(er), because that’s what it means to be a parent? Or should we hire Patrice to come with us so that we can all have some fun? I don’t know how to feel about this. Any comments?