Autism Therapy: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

definition of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Type of anxiety disorder with obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Obsessive thoughts are thoughts not based in reality that focus on something so much that it affects normal daily life. Examples of repetitive behaviors or rituals include cleaning, washing hands, or counting. Rituals are often performed with hopes of making obsessive thoughts go away. When people with OCD do these rituals and other people notice, it often increases their anxiety even more.

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Clinical Case Studies, by Sigafoos, J., Green VA, Payne D., O’Reilly MF, and Lancioni GE, published in 2009, summarized Oct 28, 2010

Providing leisure activities may distract children with autism from long-terms habits of obsessively rearranging objects.

Many people with autism insist on sameness and do not like change. This case study was aimed at seeing if structured leisure time would help a student (15-year-old boy) with autism to spend less time moving the objects on his desk. This treatment approach was an antecedent intervention that gave the student a chance to do his behavior at a time when it was okay with the teacher. The treatment approach reduced obsessive-compulsive behavior and also caused the child to be more social in the classroom. The authors suggested that this treatment approach may be helpful for children with autism and repetitive behaviors.


Journal of ECT, by Nilsson, BM, and Ekselius L., published in 2009, summarized Jul 15, 2010

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be helpful for people with autism who suffer from severe mental health issues that do not respond to other treatments.

Many people with autism also have other mental health issues such as bipolarity and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This case study describes the use of ECT to treat a 38 year old man with autism who suffered from prolonged and severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms as well as hypochondria. The man did not respond to drug therapy or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The patient’s health was restored after ECT.


Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, by Sasayama, D., Sugiyama N., Imai J., Hayashida A., Harada Y., and Amano N., published in 2009, summarized May 12, 2009

Paroxetine may help to treat fears and anxiety in people with autism.

Many people with autism also have obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This case study describes a 15-year-old girl with Asperger syndrome and OCD who was prescribed high-dose paroxetine treatment. The girl became obsessive when she was in grade school and would work for hours to write her homework neatly. She was placed in the hospital because of her severe fear of germs and prescribed paroxetine at 60 mg/day and given behavior therapy. Her fears went away with the treatment, but the OCD remained.


Clinical Practice and Epidemiology of Mental Health, by Raja, M., and Azzoni A., published in 2008, summarized Feb 16, 2009

Mood stabilizers and second generation antipsychotics may be helpful for people who have Asperger syndrome and bipolar syndrome.

Some patients who are being treated for mental health issues also have autism. A diagnosis of autism in these people may be very helpful when it comes to treatment. This paper describes three patients with Asperger syndrome and bipolar spectrum disorders. These three patients had been prescribed many types of drug therapy over the years. When a patient has bipolar syndrome and Asperger syndrome it may be very tricky to treat obsessive-compulsive symptoms.


Osseo Area Source of Information and Support (OASIS) in Minnesota has begun a series of lectures on dealing with kids on the autism spectrum. OASIS will meet once a month and will focus on ADHD, ADD, LD, EBD, ODD, OCD, anxiety, depression and bipolar issues as well as autism. While the meetings last from 6:30-8:30, participants may stay longer to continue with questions and answers. PrairieCare and Weaver Lake Elementary School sponsor OASIS. Future topics will include: behavior therapy, social skills, and use of technology.

Read original article: OASIS Meetings Planned for Parents, Caregivers



Please comment on this autism topic.

Citalopram: No Effect in Autism

Dec 3, 2009 by Anonymous

Does citalopram help children with autism? A Citalopram (Cilexa®) study made a big splash in the autism community this month. Citalopram is an antidepressant that has been prescribed off-label for children with autism. Doctors thought it might reduce repetitive behaviors (rocking, hand flapping, etc.) in children with autism. A new study suggests that it probably won’t make a difference.  

Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) which is a class of drugs that are FDA-approved for depression. SSRIs are said to be widely prescribed off-label for children with autism, but hard numbers are not known because of the off-label use. They are prescribed off-label for other conditions, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children.  

King et al (2009) reported results of a large randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of citalopram with 149 children (5-17 years old). The children had autism, Asperger syndrome, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). All of the children had moderate to severe compulsive or repetitive behaviors. They received citalopram therapy (10-20 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. 

Citalopram therapy did not reduce repetitive behaviors or improve any other behaviors that they measured more than placebo. The authors tested more than 11 behaviors and skills using 3 different standard clinical tests.  

Why is this important? For one thing, citalopram may be commonly prescribed for children with autism, though it is tough to know just how often. Pair that tidbit with the solid design study. The design is quite solid for this kind of study. They had 149 children in the study, placebo controls, double-blinded design, 12 weeks of drug therapy, and 3 standardized tests for 11 different behaviors. And they found no effect.  

The second reason it is important is that this study also showed a noticeable “placebo effect.” The placebo effect is when people who take placebo in the study report having a response (either better or worse). In this study, 34% of children taking placebo showed improvement in the behavioral test scores. The patients and the researchers didn’t know which they were receiving (hence the term “double-blind”). So about 1/3 of the patients showed improvements, whether they took the placebo or the drug


Pure L-carnitine

Oct 21, 2008 by Anonymous

We are using carnitine for our adult son with autism and OCD and depression. It helps the depression a lot and seems to last about 5-6 hours. Might be worth a try.


Give me some credit!

Sep 5, 2007 by Anonymous

            Finally, the new school year has begun!  And everyone reading this is going to laugh at me because I actually miss Thomas a tiny bit when he’s at school.  If you read my blogs from May, there was a lot of apprehension and downright horror at the thought of three solid months with no Thomas-breaks.

            The neurologist finally got back to me about the EEG, but not that Friday or Monday right after it.  After I had left repeated messages inquiring about the results – the latter ones conveying a great deal of frustration and desperation – the doctor finally called back and did apologize for the delay.  She mentioned that she really wanted to comb the results and it took longer than usual.  Fine, I understand.  Why couldn’t anybody call me to tell me that?  Who knows?  They know how to bill insurance companies.  They know how to send bills to patients’ homes.  They definitely know how to cash checks with lightning speed and efficiency, but there seems to be a problem with picking up the phone and calling a worried mother.  Hmpf.

            Anyway, the reason it took so long to call back had to do with an abnormal “spike” in the EEG.  So I guess this is good, sort of…Thomas may have a seizure disorder, and we found something on the EEG, so it wasn’t a waste.  I’m kind of worried about what this spike means, though.  It was nothing so obvious that the doctor could diagnose epilepsy, but it was a tiny something.  She also mentioned that she was going to call Thomas’ pediatrician, but after she told me that I wondered why.  What are they discussing?  If she wanted to simply let the pediatrician know about the EEG, then why wouldn’t she just send a letter?  She’s actually going to call?  Herself, in-person?  So that’s been pressing my “worry” button.  She asked about the Clonidine again and when I said that it still helps Thomas fall asleep but doesn’t keep him asleep, her exact words were, “Yeah, see?  I think something else might be going on here.”  But what?

            To find out what, she has ordered a 24-hour in-patient video EEG for Thomas.  She assured me that the EEG people would be calling.  They never did.  I finally called them and was informed that the video EEG machine was broken.  Broken?  Can’t someone fix it?  Do they only have one of these machines?  Then she said that there weren’t any appointments available until the end of September anyway.  This sounds like an angry restaurant manager who doesn’t want your business telling you that they’re out of coffee just so you’ll leave.  I don’t get it.

            So this possible seizure disorder is apparently not life-threatening or very serious because surely the doctor would have known that the EEG machine was not working and would have sent the order to another hospital with working equipment.  I just don’t know what to do now.  How long am I supposed to wait for this stuff?  These people at this particular hospital have never been good about calling me for any reason, so how long should I wait for them to let me know what’s going on?  I’ll keep everyone posted.  Right now, I’m so frustrated that I’m ready to march in there, demand Thomas’ chart and EEG results and go to another doctor.  That may be what I end up doing.

            So Thomas’ teacher called last week to set up the long-awaited and much-anticipated home visit.  She is very nice (and young…it seems like every teacher and doctor I meet lately could be my age or younger) and Thomas seems to like her.  Her aide came over too and colored with the kids while Miss Teacher and I chatted.  Luckily, she didn’t have a long list of required supplies, just a few “must haves” and a list of “optional” things that would help out.  I mentioned to the teacher that I hadn’t yet heard from the transportation center about when the bus would be by to pick up Thomas and she thought that was strange.  She called me on Friday (as I was preparing the family for Labor Day Weekend out-of-town) and said that Thomas’ file was empty.  No bus request form, no emergency card, no permission slips – nothing that I filled out at the end of the last school year!  I had to take the kids and go into school and fill everything out again, but the bad part is that it takes the bus at least one week to begin picking up a new student.  So I’ve been taking Thomas to and from school these last two days and will have to transition him to bus service when SOMEONE calls me SOMETIME to tell me when they’ll begin picking up Thomas.  So if it wasn’t for Thomas’ inquisitive and diligent teacher (who also found that the school had lost the papers for three other students in her class – AND I’ve met several other parents who have the same problem) we would have been waiting for the bus yesterday morning and it would never have come.

            Why, why can’t anyone call me?  Doctors and schools have our home phone number, my cell phone number, my husband’s office number, his cell number, my parent’s phone number, their cell numbers, my mother-in-law’s phone numbers and my e-mail address.  So many ways to get in touch with me, but nobody seems to think it’s necessary.  Nobody (except the teacher – thank God for her) even thinks it might be a nice thing to do to keep me informed.  And I hate having to call and harass people, but you know what?  I guess that’s just the way it is.  Information will not be forthcoming, so I have to badger people until I know what I need to know.  I’m so angry about this blatant and frankly rude lack of communication I could just scream.  You pick up the phone, dial eleven numbers and tell someone something.  Is that really so hard?  Is it really so much to ask?  Clearly, it is.

            On a not-frustrated note, Thomas’ first two days of school have been great!  He’s been telling me so much about what he did during the day.  Today on his sheet, the “housekeeping” activity was circled, which blew me away.  Thomas, pottering in the kitchen?  Only if it means sprinkling a bag of flour over his head!  But he was apparently doing some pretend cooking in the little classroom kitchenette!  I asked him what he cooked and he said, “I cooked some little burgers.”  I thought that was so cool!  During his bath tonight, I asked him if he sang any songs and he said that he didn’t, but then he said, “Oh yeah.  ‘Open and shut, open and shut, the doors on the bus go open and shut, all through the town!’”  It’s typical that he should pick that particular verse, since he is so OCD about doors.  Earlier in the day, he had mentioned that a classmate was “driving the bus,” which made no sense, but I put it together with the information garnered from the bathtub conversation and concluded that they must have been play-acting the song.  I was delighted!  I remember a year and a half ago, when he first started preschool.  I would ask him about his day and he was completely silent.  He would look out the window of the car and I would glance back at him in the rearview mirror and see that he was paying no attention to my questions.

            We were at the cottage this weekend.  Thomas, if you can believe it, went swimming in the lake!  We were standing on the pier on Saturday and there were some other kids on the pier next door, getting ready for a boat ride.  Thomas asked, “What are those kids doing?”  I said, “I think they’re going on a boat ride and they’re going swimming.”  Thomas stood there for a second and then said, “Mommy, get in the water with me.”  I said something completely weird like, “What, this water?” indicating the water near the shoreline.  He climbed right into the water and began splashing.  After a minute, it became clear that our swimsuits were needed, so we changed and Hayley wanted to join us, so the kids spend a good two hours splashing in the water!  Thomas kept saying, “See, Mommy?  I’m not afraid anymore!” as he rolled around on his back in the water and thoroughly enjoyed the whole thing.  We were and still are completely shocked by this turn-around, but also overjoyed!  I just couldn’t believe it.  We’re thrilled!

            Everyone in our families has been talking about how great Thomas is doing and we know that he is doing well, but people say things like, “See?  See how he’s playing with those kids?  That’s great!” and “See how much he’s talking?  He’s doing so well!” and “Wow!  He’s in the water!  That’s amazing!”  Jonathan and I take these comments with a bit of an unsavory attitude because we’re the ones who had to teach these things to him.  Nobody gets that.  Everyone thinks that Thomas is doing these things of his own natural instinct.  He’s not; we have urged him repeatedly to talk to other kids, play with other kids, do what the other kids are doing.  It’s only been after repeated discussions about the lake water and watching other kids swimming that Thomas came to the decision that there was nothing to be afraid of.  We’ve had to teach him so many things that come naturally to Hayley and other “typical” kids and nobody seems to understand that.  My mother-in-law was saying to me, “Wow, Jen!  He’s playing with those other kids!”  I said, “Yeah!  Playing with other kids, swimming in the lake – he’s cured!”  We laughed about that, but these things have only come after so much hard work and talking to Thomas until we’re out of breath and showing him and guiding him and teaching him until we’re exhausted.  We just want a little credit for filling in some of the holes that autism has punched in our son’s brain.


It's working!

Jun 22, 2007 by dankohn

            The neurologist appointment on Wednesday went pretty well.  We were almost late because the directions I had received were not correct.  I called the hospital from the car though, and we were back on track just in the nick of time.  Thomas was upset that we were going to see a doctor and gave me a hard time about getting out of the car.  I had talked to him about it on Tuesday and told him the doctor’s name.  He kept saying that he didn’t want to talk to her, but I eventually coaxed him out of the car.  Lately, with transitions Thomas is like a light switch.  He protests for a few moments and then all of a sudden, he’s willing to move on.

            I really liked the neurologist we saw.  She was very friendly with Thomas and he liked her, answering her questions.  The only snag I ran into was regarding the Nemenda medication I was interested in.  I asked her first if she had heard about Clonidine, and she responded very enthusiastically that she had.  After we discussed that for a moment, I mentioned Nemenda.  She said that she didn’t like prescribing it for children and that it’s usually prescribed for adults with Alzheimer’s or dementia, which I already know.  I pressed her and asked what she knew about it in terms of autism, just to satisfy my curiosity as to why she is unwilling to prescribe it for kids.  That was when she came clean, saying, “I’ll be honest with you.  I really don’t know much about it.”  Hmpf.  At least she was honest.

            The good news is that she did prescribe the Clonidine for Thomas.  She said that it should help him not only with the sleep problems but with some of the OCD behaviors we’ve been having trouble with.  She prescribed 0.1 milligram pills which I had to cut in half to give him the correct dosage about an hour before bedtime.  I had some trouble with this.  The pills are scored, so I had a guide for cutting them, but one half was almost always a bit larger than the other half.  My mom told me about pill cutters which are readily available at drugstores, so if the dosage doesn’t change, I’ll have to invest in one of those.

            On Wednesday, I gave Thomas one of the smaller halves at 7:30 p.m., about an hour before bedtime.  As far as we could tell, the medication had absolutely no effect on him.  It still took him a good hour to settle down and another half hour to fall asleep.  As Thomas made racket in his room, Jonathan and I exchanged nervous glances, saying every so often, “Gee, that stuff’s working like a charm!”  Of course, we knew that it might take a couple of days to really kick in.  Like most Americans today however, we were looking for instant gratification.  We had to wait for Thursday night.

            On Thursday, Thomas had a horrible day.  Every minute or so, he would pick a fight with Hayley, have a screaming outburst or start slamming doors.  The best part was when he requested a banana for a snack.  I gave it to him and got involved with the dishwasher, only to find out later that he had chewed up banana chunks and spit them all over his room.  Whee!  That was a fun clean-up session.  Jonathan always knows I’ve had a rough day when I call him and bug him about when he thinks he’ll be home.

            So last night, after the day from hell, we decided to tweak the medication schedule a bit.  Since it took so long for Thomas to go to sleep on Wednesday night, we decided to give him a larger half of a pill about an hour earlier.  We had dinner and I gave Thomas the medicine at 6:30 p.m.  I got involved with some other chores and cleaned up the kitchen and stuff.  At 7:15 p.m., I realized I hadn’t heard from Thomas for a while.  I figured that he was playing in his room, so I went looking for him.  He was sound asleep in his bed.  Jonathan, Hayley and I went in there and tried to rouse him to get him to go to the bathroom, but he was really sleeping.  We immediately took back our sarcastic comments of Wednesday night and had a relatively peaceful evening after that.  Thomas did get up around 10:00 p.m. so we took him to the bathroom and he went back to bed after that.  He got up and wandered around a little later too, but went back to bed again.  He was in bed with me this morning when I woke up, so that’s still the same old story.  The neurologist said that the Clonidine should help keep him in his bed all night at some point, so we’re looking forward to that.

            Today, Thomas’ behavior was much better.  Not so much fighting with Hayley and actually listening to me, or rather obeying me without much fuss.  If I asked him to stop doing something, he stopped.  He got kind of wired after Jonathan got home from work which is his usual M.O., but I wasn’t complaining because he had been really good all day.  We decided to tweak the dosage schedule again, giving him a larger half of the medication at 7 p.m.  Tonight when I started doing the “bedtime countdown,” Thomas protested a bit, but very quietly.  We put the kids down a little earlier, around 8:15, and Thomas was asleep at 8:30!  So we think we’ve got it right now.  I’m so glad that this Clonidine is working because I think that fragmented and just plain not enough sleep are the culprits for much of Thomas’ frustrating behavior during the day.  He didn’t really seem to need any occupational therapy help today and he didn’t have many screaming outbursts.

            I’m supposed to call the doctor in two weeks to let her know how Thomas is doing on Clonidine, so I’ve started a log to keep track.  Hopefully, we’ve got the dosage schedule right now.  The doctor mentioned that this is a very small dose and she had a feeling that she would be increasing it.  Right now, it seems like a larger half of the pill an hour and a half before bed is working out, but we might (after the doctor gives her okay, of course) give him a smaller half when he wakes up in the morning.  She thought that eventually, he would be taking an entire pill over the course of a day.

            I’m also considering e-mailing her a few website links about Nemenda.  Even if she doesn’t think it’s appropriate for Thomas, she should probably still know about it.



Please comment on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or other autism therapy topics.

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  • Synonyms for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) include: obsessive compulsive, obsessive compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive, obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD
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