Healing Thresholds Autism Therapy Topic Feed

No One Size Therapy Fits All for Kids with Autism

scottie — Wed, 13 Apr 2011 19:14:14 +0000

Teaser:

This article highlighted three new studies released on treatments for autism.

Body:

This article highlighted three new studies released on treatments for autism. The Journal of Pediatrics published the studies, but doctors caution there is no one-size-fits-all treatment and that parents need to be mindful of potential side effects. The research found that early intervention is still extremely important regardless of treatment. Also shown to have benefits were Risperidone and Aripiprazole. Dr. Gail Williams, a University of Louisville Hospital pediatrician explained, “These medications, while they don't address the core symptoms of autism, they can help dramatically with some children who have additional behavior concerns.”

Read original article: Study Shows Promise for Treatment of Autism

Conspicuous by their Absence: Studies Comparing and Combining Risperidone and Applied Behavior Analysis to Reduce Challenging Behavior in Children with Autism

scottie — Tue, 28 Sep 2010 18:08:17 +0000

Title	Conspicuous by their Absence: Studies Comparing and Combining Risperidone and Applied Behavior Analysis to Reduce Challenging Behavior in Children with Autism
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Weeden M, Ehrhardt K, Poling A
Journal Title	Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	3
Issue	4
Pages	905-912
URL for Abstract	http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ852806&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ852806
Teaser	It may be helpful to combine risperidone with applied behavior analysis (ABA) in order to improve the behavior of children with autism.
Full Text	It may be helpful to combine risperidone with applied behavior analysis (ABA) in order to improve the behavior of children with autism. The effect of risperidone can vary a lot from child to child. This article talks about risperidone and ABA as therapies for autism and explores which one works better. Risperidone has been studied as a therapy for children with autism and data show it is able to decrease destructive behavior. Other studies have shown that risperidone does not help with destructive behavior in certain children. None of the studies have compared risperidone to ABA therapy or combined risperidone with ABA therapy.

Responding to Thorazine (chlorpromazine)

Fri, 13 Aug 2010 18:38:53 +0000

In 2006 the FDA approved risperidone for the specific treatment of aggression and irritability in people (inc children) with autism, yet you have posted an expert opinion also from 2006 that anti-psychotics are not useful in treating autism. Please review your information. Risperidone is an anti-psychotic and has been found to be effective in treating patients with autism who are easily agitated and frequently aggressive. While I can not speak specifically to Thorazine, the professional opinion used to back up the information is outdated and no longer correct.

Comment added from Healing Thresholds: Note that rarely is scientific consensus achieved in one year. Moreover, scientific consensus rarely occurs as the result of a regulatory decision (FDA approval). At Healing Thresholds we summarize medical research as it occurs and we provide the date of the medical research/medical opinion. We inlude both mainstream and alternative views as long as those studies/opinons have been subjected to the scientific peer review process. We encourage all readers to consider the date of the research/opinion (and the source of the research/opinion) when evaluating how the results relate to their own child's therapy program.

Does Risperidone Improve Hyperacusia in Children with Autism?

scottie — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:01:46 +0000

Title	Does Risperidone Improve Hyperacusia in Children with Autism?
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Ghanizadeh A
Journal Title	Psychopharmacology Bulletin
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	42
Issue	1
Pages	108-109
URL for Abstract	http://www.medworksmedia.com/pdf_abstract/V42I1/8-AB_PB_42_01_GHANIZADEH_09.pdf
Teaser	Risperidone may help children with autism overcome sensitivity to loud noises.
Full Text	Risperidone may help children with autism overcome sensitivity to loud noises. This case study described the use of risperidone to treat a five and a half year old girl with autism who was frightened by loud sounds (hyperacusia). While many children with autism do not process sound the way other children do, only some children with autism cry and avoid loud sounds. Children with hyperacusia may also cover their ears when they hear loud sounds such as a vacuum cleaner, car, or washing machine. The doctor reports that this child’s hyperacusia improved when she took risperidone. This appears to be the only report that has described this effect of risperidone.

Medical Marijuana as a Therapy for Autism

scottie — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 18:22:58 +0000

Teaser:

A mom believes that her son with autism and aggression has improved behavior since beginning medical marijuana therapy.

Body:

A mom believes that her son with autism and aggression has improved behavior since beginning medical marijuana therapy. She tried traditional drug therapy with him, including risperdal, but that seemed to make him heavy, stronger, and still aggressive. The family contacted a medical cannabis doctor who agreed that a "speck" of marijuana given in a piece of fruit might help. His parents report, "It was an amazing experience, I'll never forget it, as we watched what happened, it was like 'He's back!' It was like all this anguish, pent-up rage and aggressiveness went away - it just calmed him down." Another mother with an autistic child who also had eating disorders gives her child a small bit of marijuana-infused oil in tea and cookies. She reported, "For the past year, he'd consistently had 30 to 50 aggressions in a school day, with a one-time high of 300. The charts for June through July, by contrast, showed he was actually having days-sometimes one after another-with zero aggressions." Doctors caution that more research needs to be done on marijuana as treatment for autism and many see drug therapy as a last resort.

Read original article.

Autism Drugs Overview

dankohn — Fri, 16 Oct 2009 21:26:42 +0000

Body:

A number of drugs are used, with indications and off-label, to treat symptoms associated with autism and additional conditions (comorbidities) associated with autism. These may include anxiety, epilepsy, and attention deficit disorders. The only two drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administraion to treat symptoms related to autism are Risperdal and Abilify. The drugs in the table below may be given to people on the autism spectrum. Click on the drug name to see all research articles, news, and comments on our site about that drug.

At Healing Thresholds, we believe that a therapy program should be specific to the child and evolve with the child. In some cases, and at some times, a therapy program may include drug therapy. The use of any prescribed medication should be closely monitored by a physician.

Name	Generic Name	Description
Abilify	aripiprazole	This antidepressant was recently approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age. It is also indicated for treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in adults and children. Adults are prescribed Abilify as an add-on antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder.
ActoPlus MET	pioglitazone hydrocloride and metformin hydrochloride	ActoPlus MET is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes in patients who are not helped by treatment with metformin or pioglitazone alone. This combination medication works by decreasing insulin resistance and by improving sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism.
Actos	pioglitazone hydrocloride	Actos is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Actos works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Actos has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Actos is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism.
Adderall	amphetamine	Adderall XR is the slow release form. Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and in nerves. These brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) regulate activity and impulse control. Adderall is prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep). It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: amphetamines have a high potential for abuse. Administration of amphetamines for long periods may lead to drug dependence and must be avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-therapeutic use or distribution to others, and the drugs should be prescribed or dispensed sparingly. Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events.
Anafranil	clomipramine hydrocloride	Anafranil is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is usually used to treat depression in adults. It is also approved for use in children (at least 8 years old) to treat obsessions and compulsions associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect from the drug is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Aricept	donepezil hydrochloride	Aricept (the generic is donepezil hydrochloride) is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Aricept ODT is the orally disintegrating tablet form of Aricept. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept or Aricept ODT may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept or Aricept ODT are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
Ativan	lorazepam	Ativan is an anti-anxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Ativan is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression.
Bethanechol	bethanechol chloride	Bethanechol is prescribed for triggering urination and emptying of the bladder when urine is being retained.
Buspar	buspirone hydrochloride	Buspar is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspar may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspar has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism.
Carbatrol - Equetro - Tegretol	carbamazepine	Carbamazepine is the generic for three brand name drugs, Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. Tegretol is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Tegretol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Carbatrol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Equetro is an extended-release formulation of carbamazepine. It is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests.
Clozaril - FazaClo	clozapine	This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozapine is the generic and FazaClo® is the orally disintegrating form. Clozaril® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozaril is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking Clozaril need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects.
Concerta	methylphenidate hydrochloride	Some children with autism also have ADHD and this drug may be helpful in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Concerta is a stimulant that is approved in the United States for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. It is understood that drug therapy is typically only one aspect of a treatment plan to help a child overcome symptoms of ADHD.
Depakene	valproic acid	Depakene is available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
Depakote	divalproex sodium	Depakote is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. Depakote is usually prescribed to treat mania in people with manic-depressive disorder, to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, and to prevent migraines. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of Depakote need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
Dexedrine - Dexedrine Spansule	dextroamphetamine sulfate	Dexedrine is typically prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6-16 years of age and for narcolepsy (falling asleep). The sustained release, Spansule Sustained-Release Capsules, are not recommended for children less than 6 years old. It may also be prescribed off-label for hyperactivity in children with autism and for adults with ADHD. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is an amphetamine that stimulates the brain and nervous system. Caution: Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and may lead to drug dependence. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility that the amphetamines are being used or given to other people for non-therapeutic use. Also, misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular (heart-related) adverse events.
Diastat	diazepam	Diastat is a sedative in a rectal gel form. Diastat is administered to people who are having severe seizures as a short-term treatment. Diastat may be prescribed for people with autism who also have epilepsy, and would usually be administered during the seizure.
Diflucan	fluconazole	Diflucan is an anti-fungal antibiotic that is prescribed to treat fungus infections in any part of the body. Diflucan is often prescribed to treat fungal infections in people with weak immune systems. Diflucan may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help relieve their autism symptoms, based on the idea that autism symptoms may be related to fungus infections in children.
Dilantin	phenytoin sodium	Dilantin is an antiepileptic drug that is indicated for helping to control seizures in children and adults. If a patient would like to stop Dilantin therapy then he or she should do so gradually under a doctor’s supervision in order to avoid seizures.
Endrate	edetate disodium	Endrate is administered I.V., and recommended only for severe cases of metal poisoning because of the risk of serious side effects, including death. Endrate chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. Endrate is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults. Endrate should not be used in children because of the risk of death, according to the FDA and the CDC. Endrate has been confused with Versenate (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision.
Eskalith	lithium carbonate	Eskalith (lithium carbonate): Eskalith® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them.
Fortamet - Glumetza	metformin hydrochloride	Fortamet or Glumetza (extended release tablet) is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Metformin works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication.
Geodon	ziprasidone	Geodon is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, aggression, self-abusive behavior, temper tantrums, lability (mood swings), social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors. Geodon is currently in clinical trials to test effectiveness in children with autism. Some children have improved with treatment. Geodon is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Geodon works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system.
Haldol	haloperidol	Haldol is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness.
Inderal	propranolol hydrochloride	Known as a beta-blocker, Inderal is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Inderal is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Inderal is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. Inderal LA is a long-acting form of Inderal.
Klonopin	clonazepam	Clonazepam is indicated for use to treat seizure disorders and panic disorder. It may also be prescribed off-label for other conditions. Klonopin is one of a group of drugs called the benzodiazepines; it works by correcting imbalances in brain chemistry which may cause anxiety. Clonazepam may be habit-forming. Patients should not stop taking the drug suddenly before consulting a physician because the drug dose may need to be lowered slowly over time.
Invega	paliperidone	Paliperidone is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Invega belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, lightheadedness, restlessness, and weight gain. More serious side effects can occur, and close communication with the physician that prescribed the medication is advised.
Lamictal	lamotrigine	Lamictal is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamictal is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamictal seems to change how neurons turn on and off, which affects the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional.
Luvox	fluvoxamine maleate	Luvox is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who are at least 8 years old. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect of Luvox is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully against the clinical need for the drug. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Mycostatin	nystatin	Oral medication is Nystatin; cream form is Mycostatin. Mycostatin and Nystatin are prescribed to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal (digestive) tract.
Namenda	memantine hydrochloride	Namenda is available as tablets or oral solution. It is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. Namenda may be prescribed off-label for people with autism in an effort to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Namenda is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors).
Paxil	paroxetine	Paroxetine is an antidepressant that is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by restoring the balance of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to improve certain mood problems. Paxil® is prescribed for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may also be prescribed for people with autism. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Pepcid	famotidine	Pepcid is a type of histamine-2 blockers that decreases the amount of acid that the stomach produces. Pepcid® is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines. It also treats other conditions in which the acid produced by the stomach is a problem, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn.
Provigil	modafinil	Provigil promotes wakefulness. The FDA approved modafinil to treat narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. Off-label, modafinil is used by sleep deprived people to stay awake and to treat fatigue, depression, multiple sclerosis and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The FDA rejected an application by the manufacturer to use modafinil as an ADHD drug due to the side effect of serious rashes. Modafinil is not approved for use in children under the age of 17. Side effects may include serious rash, chest pain, anxiety, stuffy nose, diarrhea, back pain, sleepiness and nausea or upset stomach.
Prozac	fluoxetine hydrochloride	Prozac is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, Prozac can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Prozac® is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Remeron	mirtazapine	Mirtazapine is an antidepressant that adjusts the balance of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Remeron® belongs to a class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants and is chemically different from serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MAOs. It is FDA-approved for use in treating major depression in adults. Mirtazapine may also be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Side-effects include abnormal dreams and thinking, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, flu-like symptoms, increased appetite, sleepiness, weakness, and weight gain. In clinical studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of mirtazapine or any other antidepressant in a child or adolescent must balance this risk with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Revia - Vivitrol	naltrexone	This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol.
Risperdal	risperidone	Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults.
Ritalin - Methylin	methylphenidate hydrochloride	Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Methylin Oral, or Methylin are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times).
Rozerem	ramelteon	Ramelteon is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well). Ramelteon stimulates melatonin receptors in the nervous system, thereby promoting sleepiness. Many children with autism have problems sleeping and ramelteon is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism.
Sarafem	fluoxetine hydrochloride	Sarafem is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. Sarafem is indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a syndrome associated with menstruation in adult women. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Sporanox	itraconazole	Sporanox is prescribed to treat serious fungal infections which may invade any part of the body including mouth, throat, lungs, or nails.
Stablon - Coaxil - Tatinol	tianeptine	Other trade names are Coaxil (Europe) and Tatinol (Asia and Latin America). Drug currently approved for use in France that is an antidepressant. Tianeptine is a serotonin reuptake enhancer. This mechanism of action differs from many antidepressants that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Tianeptine has also been used to treat asthma in children, erectile dysfunction in men, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Strattera	atomoxetine hydrochloride	Strattera may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Symbyax	fluoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine	Medication containing a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. Symbyax is indicated for treatment of depression in bipolar disorder. Symbyax contains an antidepressant (fluoxetine) and an antipsychotic (olanzapine). Symbyax may be prescribed for people with autism to decrease anger, aggression, and repetitive movements; and to improve social interactions.
Tenex - Intuniv	guanfacine	Tenex or Intuniv (extended release form) stimulates certain receptors in the brain and nervous system. Guanfacine is indicated for lowering blood pressure and improving attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Guanfacine may also be prescribed off-label for sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anti-social behaviors, oppositional disorder, and Tourette’s disorder.
Thorazine - Thorazine Spansule	chlorpromazine	Thorazine Spansule is the name for the sustained-release form. Chlorpromazine is available in tablet or injection form, and as suppositories. In children 1-12 years old, Thorazine may be prescribed for the treatment of severe behavioral problems such as combativeness and/or explosive hyperexcitable behavior. It is also prescribed for short-term treatment of hyperactive children who show excessive motor activity and conduct disorders that may include impulsivity, difficulty sustaining attention, aggressiveness, mood swings, and poor frustration tolerance. Thorazine is approved for the treatment of a number of other different conditions, including schizophrenia, severe nausea and vomiting, manic type of manic-depressive disorder.
Tofranil	imipramine hydrochloride	Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that is usually prescribed for depression, and for childhood enuresis (bed-wetting). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Topamax	topiramate	Topamax is an anticonvulsant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce irritability and self-injuring behaviors. Topamax can also help reduce seizures. Topamax is indicated for reducing seizures in people with epilepsy for ages 2 years old and up; and also for preventing migraine headaches. Topamax is available as tablets and as sprinkle capsules that can be taken as a whole capsule or sprinkled on food. This medication may have a side effect of metabolic acidosis (the blood getting too acidic). People taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional and may require regular blood tests.
Trileptal	oxcarbazepine	This anti-seizure medication affects the way neurons are turned on and off. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional.
Valium - Diastat	diazepam	Valium is a sedative that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce aggression and anxiety, or for seizures. It also comes as Valium Injection, or Diastat, a rectal gel form. The response to diazepam can vary between individuals with autism, so each individual should be monitored carefully. Diazepam is indicated for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as supplemental medication for severe seizure disorders.
Versenate	edetate calcium disodium	Versenate chelates or strongly binds to divalent and trivalent metals including lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, and mercury. Versenate is usually prescribed for metal poisoning, particularly lead. Versenate may be used in children with autism to reduce heavy metals in their body in an effort to improve behaviors. While Versenate may be prescribed for children, serious side effects (including death) can occur as a result of Versenate therapy. Versenate has been confused with Endrate (edentate disodium), which is usually administered only to adults under emergency circumstances because of the risk of death. Endrate should not be used in children, according to the FDA and the CDC. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision.
Xanax	alprazolam	Alprazolam is one of a type of medications called benzodiazepines. It works by helping restore chemical balance in the brain when there are imbalances that may cause anxiety. Alprazolam is typically used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and anxiety caused by depression. It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: alprazolam may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Alprazolam should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. The medication should be kept in a secure place where others cannot get to it.
Zoloft	sertraline hydrochloride	Zoloft is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it.
Zyprexa	olanzapine	Zyprexa is a psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Zyprexa® is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Zyprexa works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth. Other forms of this medication are called Zyprexa Zydis, or Zyprexa Intramuscular.

The Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity in Autism

scottie — Wed, 14 Oct 2009 18:20:41 +0000

Title	The Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity in Autism
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Kolevzon A
Journal Title	Primary Psychiatry
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	16
Issue	1
Pages	55-60
URL for Abstract	http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1955
Teaser	Some medications may improve attention spans and decrease hyperactivity in people with autism.
Full Text	Some medications may improve attention spans and decrease hyperactivity in people with autism. The author describes clinical trials of drug therapies in autism. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are both used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These drugs may also help treat ADHD-like symptoms in people with autism. In autism, methylphenidate may work better for hyperactivity, and atomoxetine may work better for attention deficits. Other drug therapies may be helpful for ADHD-like symptoms in autism. Haloperidol, risperidone, clonidine, guanfacine, amntadine, and naltrexone have been researched. All of these drugs have shown improved behaviors in at least one study. However, other studies showed little or no effect of these drugs in autism.

Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities during Extended Risperidone Treatment in Children and Adolescents

scottie — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 15:57:25 +0000

Title	Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities during Extended Risperidone Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Calare CA, Acion L, Kuperman S, Tansey M, Schlechte JA
Journal Title	Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	19
Issue	2
Pages	101-109
URL for Abstract	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19364288?ordinalpos=152&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Full Text	Risperidone therapy may result in weight gain and metabolism changes in typical children and adolescents and those with pervasive developmental disorder. This study measured weight and body mass index (BMI) for 99 children and adolescents (7-17 years old). Metabolism tests (measures of how the body uses food and energy) were also performed. The patients had been taking risperidone for nearly 3 years. Only some of the patients had pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). In the total group of patients, 19% were overweight and 15% were obese. The authors compared metabolism test results of the overweight/obese patients with the lean patients. The overweight/obese patients had more abnormal metabolism tests than the lean patients. For example, the overweight/obese patients had higher triglycerides (types of fatty acids) and higher insulin concentrations than the lean patients. However, few of the patients had metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolism changes linked to higher risk of heart disease.

Richter-Scale Tantrums: New Hope for Exhausted Parents

scottie — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 17:36:41 +0000

Title	Richter-Scale Tantrums: New Hope for Exhausted Parents
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Brett L
Journal Title	Exceptional Parent Magazine
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	April
Pages	28-29
URL for Abstract	http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Richter-scale+tantrums:+new+hope+for+exhausted+parents.-a0201031414
Full Text	A combination of risperidone therapy with parent-led behavioral therapy may be helpful for children with autism and more severe behavioral challenges. This article describes early results from a research study that combines drug therapy with behavioral therapy, such as applied behavior analysis (ABA). The authors propose that children with more severe behavioral problems may benefit from risperidone to help them calm down enough to learn from behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapy can cost a lot and be hard to obtain. So this study also looks to see if highly-trained ABA therapists can teach parents the techniques for doing behavioral therapy every day. The good thing about parent training is that parents can then use the therapy techniques throughout the day, and in many places. While the study is not yet complete, early results suggest that the combination of drug therapy with ABA therapy may be very helpful.

Paliperidone in an Adult Patient with Asperger Syndrome: Case Report

scottie — Thu, 09 Jul 2009 14:43:00 +0000

Title	Paliperidone in an Adult Patient with Asperger Syndrome: Case Report
Publication Type	Journal Article
Authors	Roser P, Haubleiter IS, Juckel G, Brune M
Journal Title	Pharmacopsychiatry
Year of Publication	2009
Volume	42
Issue	2
Pages	78-79
URL for Abstract	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308885?ordinalpos=15&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Full Text	Treatment with paliperidone helped an adult with Asperger Syndrome who had severe behavioral problems and autism symptoms. The case report said 25-year-old man had severe anxiety, delusions (not in touch with reality), irritability, and other problems. He also had poor communication and social skills. He was admitted to a hospital because of his severe symptoms, and was diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome. He received 6 mg daily of paliperidone, which is related to risperidone. The drug therapy reduced his symptoms. He also had better social skills. After 4 months of treatment, he improved so much that he moved out of his parent's house to live in an apartment of his own. He had few side effects from the paliperidone treatment.