A number of drugs are used, with indications and off-label, to treat symptoms associated with autism and additional conditions (comorbidities) associated with autism. These may include anxiety, epilepsy, and attention deficit disorders. The only two drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administraion to treat symptoms related to autism are Risperdal and Abilify. The drugs in the table below may be given to people on the autism spectrum. Click on the drug name to see all research articles, news, and comments on our site about that drug.
At Healing Thresholds, we believe that a therapy program should be specific to the child and evolve with the child. In some cases, and at some times, a therapy program may include drug therapy. The use of any prescribed medication should be closely monitored by a physician.
| Name | Generic Name | Description |
| Abilify | aripiprazole | This antidepressant was recently approved by the FDA in the United States for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age. It is also indicated for treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in adults and children. Adults are prescribed Abilify as an add-on antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. |
| ActoPlus MET | pioglitazone hydrocloride and metformin hydrochloride | ActoPlus MET is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes in patients who are not helped by treatment with metformin or pioglitazone alone. This combination medication works by decreasing insulin resistance and by improving sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Pioglitazone is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Actos | pioglitazone hydrocloride | Actos is usually prescribed for treatment of diabetes. Actos works by decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. Actos has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory in some conditions. Actos is being tested in people with neurological disorders, including autism, because it can also be anti-inflammatory in glial cells in the brain. Preliminary studies showed improvements in behavior in children with autism. |
| Adderall | amphetamine | Adderall XR is the slow release form. Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and in nerves. These brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) regulate activity and impulse control. Adderall is prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (falling asleep). It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: amphetamines have a high potential for abuse. Administration of amphetamines for long periods may lead to drug dependence and must be avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-therapeutic use or distribution to others, and the drugs should be prescribed or dispensed sparingly. Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events. |
| Anafranil | clomipramine hydrocloride |
Anafranil is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is usually used to treat depression in adults. It is also approved for use in children (at least 8 years old) to treat obsessions and compulsions associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. One possible serious side effect from the drug is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Aricept | donepezil hydrochloride | Aricept (the generic is donepezil hydrochloride) is indicated for treatment of mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Aricept ODT is the orally disintegrating tablet form of Aricept. This medication enhances cholinergic function in the brain by reducing the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. In people with autism, Aricept or Aricept ODT may help improve attention, learning, and memory. Possible benefits of Aricept or Aricept ODT are being tested in children and adults with autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia. |
| Ativan | lorazepam | Ativan is an anti-anxiety medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce anxiety, and to help reduce symptoms of catatonia (rigid and insensitive muscles). Ativan is indicated for treatment of anxiety disorders, or for short-term treatment of anxiety associated with depression. |
| Bethanechol | bethanechol chloride | Bethanechol is prescribed for triggering urination and emptying of the bladder when urine is being retained. |
| Buspar | buspirone hydrochloride | Buspar is an antianxiety medication that is indicated for generalized anxiety disorder. Buspar may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce anxiety and aggression and to help improve behaviors. Buspar has helped improve behaviors in some people with autism. This medication is currently being tested in children and adults with autism. |
| Carbatrol - Equetro - Tegretol |
carbamazepine | Carbamazepine is the generic for three brand name drugs, Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol. Carbamazepine can have serious side effects that include a serious skin reaction in people with a certain genetic background, which is more common in Asian and Caucasian (white) people than other groups. Tegretol is an anticonvulsant medication used to help control seizures. Tegretol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help soften mood swings. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. The physician should be notified immediately if any rash appears. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Carbatrol may be prescribed for people with autism who have seizures, and can also help reduce aggression. This medication is indicated for treatment of epilepsy and for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. There is also a risk of agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. Equetro is an extended-release formulation of carbamazepine. It is indicated for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Equetro can have serious side effects that include agranulocytosis and other changes in blood cells, so the person taking this medication should be monitored with regular blood tests. |
| Clozaril - FazaClo | clozapine |
This is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, fidgeting, and aggression. Clozapine is the generic and FazaClo® is the orally disintegrating form. Clozaril® lowers binding of dopamine to most types of dopamine receptors and other types of receptors on cells in the nervous system. Clozaril is usually used to treat people with severe schizophrenia, or people who repeatedly threaten to commit suicide. As an uncommon side effect, there is increased risk of seizures or agranulocytosis (a change in white blood cells that can be severe and result in death). The risks are a concern particularly in children and adolescents, and in people who might already have a risk for seizures. The risks also increase with increasing dose of the medication. Other side effects can also occur. People taking Clozaril need to be carefully monitored with regular blood tests for possible side effects. |
| Concerta | methylphenidate hydrochloride | Some children with autism also have ADHD and this drug may be helpful in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Concerta is a stimulant that is approved in the United States for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. It is understood that drug therapy is typically only one aspect of a treatment plan to help a child overcome symptoms of ADHD. |
| Depakene | valproic acid |
Depakene is available in capsule and syrup forms, this is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Depakote | divalproex sodium |
Depakote is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This medication affects the way that cells get signals to turn on and off in the nervous system. This medication can have serious side effects, especially in children. Depakote is usually prescribed to treat mania in people with manic-depressive disorder, to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, and to prevent migraines. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of Depakote need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Dexedrine - Dexedrine Spansule | dextroamphetamine sulfate | Dexedrine is typically prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6-16 years of age and for narcolepsy (falling asleep). The sustained release, Spansule Sustained-Release Capsules, are not recommended for children less than 6 years old. It may also be prescribed off-label for hyperactivity in children with autism and for adults with ADHD. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is an amphetamine that stimulates the brain and nervous system. Caution: Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and may lead to drug dependence. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility that the amphetamines are being used or given to other people for non-therapeutic use. Also, misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular (heart-related) adverse events. |
| Diastat | diazepam | Diastat is a sedative in a rectal gel form. Diastat is administered to people who are having severe seizures as a short-term treatment. Diastat may be prescribed for people with autism who also have epilepsy, and would usually be administered during the seizure. |
| Diflucan | fluconazole | Diflucan is an anti-fungal antibiotic that is prescribed to treat fungus infections in any part of the body. Diflucan is often prescribed to treat fungal infections in people with weak immune systems. Diflucan may be prescribed off-label for children with autism to help relieve their autism symptoms, based on the idea that autism symptoms may be related to fungus infections in children. |
| Dilantin | phenytoin sodium | Dilantin is an antiepileptic drug that is indicated for helping to control seizures in children and adults. If a patient would like to stop Dilantin therapy then he or she should do so gradually under a doctor’s supervision in order to avoid seizures. |
| Endrate | edetate disodium |
Endrate is administered I.V., and recommended only for severe cases of metal poisoning because of the risk of serious side effects, including death. Endrate chelates or binds calcium and other trace elements such as magnesium and zinc. Endrate is usually prescribed for emergency treatment of hypercalcemia and for control of ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms associated with digitalis toxicity in adults. Endrate should not be used in children because of the risk of death, according to the FDA and the CDC. Endrate has been confused with Versenate (edentate calcium disodium), which is used to chelate lead in lead poisoning cases in children. Mistaken administration of Endrate has resulted in death in some children. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Eskalith | lithium carbonate |
Eskalith (lithium carbonate): Eskalith® is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Eskalith is usually used for treatment of mania in individuals with manic-depressive disorder. It works by altering sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and increasing the break-down of some neurotransmitters. Eskalith CR® is a controlled-release tablet form of lithium. The safety and effectiveness of Eskalith in children with autism has not been proven but it may be helpful for some of them. |
| Fortamet - Glumetza | metformin hydrochloride | Fortamet or Glumetza (extended release tablet) is usually prescribed for treatment of type 2 diabetes in people over 17 years of age. Metformin works by decreasing liver glucose production, and increasing sensitivity to insulin in muscle and fat tissue. In people with autism, taking metformin with antipsychotic medications such as risperidone may help reduce weight gain that often occurs as a side effect of the antipsychotic medication. |
| Geodon | ziprasidone |
Geodon is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity, aggression, self-abusive behavior, temper tantrums, lability (mood swings), social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors. Geodon is currently in clinical trials to test effectiveness in children with autism. Some children have improved with treatment. Geodon is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Geodon works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. |
| Haldol | haloperidol |
Haldol is an antipsychotic medication that may be prescribed for some people with autism to help control aggression. Haldol is usually used to control tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s syndrome and to treat schizophrenia. This medication decreases the neurotransmitter dopamine and may have other effects on the nervous system. Scientists do not yet fully understand how Haldol is able to reduce aggression in people with autism. Haldol can cause noticeable side effects including sleepiness and muscle stiffness. |
| Inderal | propranolol hydrochloride | Known as a beta-blocker, Inderal is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other heart-related conditions. Inderal is also used to help prevent migraine headaches in adults and children. Inderal is being studied as a treatment for severe aggression in children with autism. Inderal LA is a long-acting form of Inderal. |
| Klonopin | clonazepam | Clonazepam is indicated for use to treat seizure disorders and panic disorder. It may also be prescribed off-label for other conditions. Klonopin is one of a group of drugs called the benzodiazepines; it works by correcting imbalances in brain chemistry which may cause anxiety. Clonazepam may be habit-forming. Patients should not stop taking the drug suddenly before consulting a physician because the drug dose may need to be lowered slowly over time. |
| Invega | paliperidone | Paliperidone is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It may be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Invega belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, lightheadedness, restlessness, and weight gain. More serious side effects can occur, and close communication with the physician that prescribed the medication is advised. |
| Lamictal | lamotrigine | Lamictal is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help reduce lethargy (tiredness), irritability, hyperactivity. It may also improve language, communication, and social skills. Lamictal is indicated for treatment of epilepsy to help control seizures, and for bipolar disorder to delay mood swings. Lamictal seems to change how neurons turn on and off, which affects the release of glutamate and aspartate, two amino acids that are important in neuron signaling. There is a low risk of serious rash which can lead to death, so people taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional. |
| Luvox | fluvoxamine maleate | Luvox is an antidepressant that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help decrease repetitive movements and improve social contacts. It is used to treat obsessions and compulsions in people with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who are at least 8 years old. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect of Luvox is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully against the clinical need for the drug. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Mycostatin |
nystatin | Oral medication is Nystatin; cream form is Mycostatin. Mycostatin and Nystatin are prescribed to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal (digestive) tract. |
| Namenda | memantine hydrochloride |
Namenda is available as tablets or oral solution. It is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. Namenda may be prescribed off-label for people with autism in an effort to help improve language, social behavior, and other behaviors. Namenda is a glutamate receptor antagonist (inhibits glutamate binding to its receptors). |
| Paxil | paroxetine | Paroxetine is an antidepressant that is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by restoring the balance of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to improve certain mood problems. Paxil® is prescribed for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may also be prescribed for people with autism. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Pepcid | famotidine | Pepcid is a type of histamine-2 blockers that decreases the amount of acid that the stomach produces. Pepcid® is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines. It also treats other conditions in which the acid produced by the stomach is a problem, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn. |
| Provigil | modafinil | Provigil promotes wakefulness. The FDA approved modafinil to treat narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. Off-label, modafinil is used by sleep deprived people to stay awake and to treat fatigue, depression, multiple sclerosis and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The FDA rejected an application by the manufacturer to use modafinil as an ADHD drug due to the side effect of serious rashes. Modafinil is not approved for use in children under the age of 17. Side effects may include serious rash, chest pain, anxiety, stuffy nose, diarrhea, back pain, sleepiness and nausea or upset stomach. |
| Prozac | fluoxetine hydrochloride |
Prozac is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. In some individuals, Prozac can make these symptoms worse, so each individual must be monitored closely. Prozac® is indicated for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder in children and adults. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Remeron | mirtazapine | Mirtazapine is an antidepressant that adjusts the balance of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Remeron® belongs to a class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants and is chemically different from serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MAOs. It is FDA-approved for use in treating major depression in adults. Mirtazapine may also be prescribed off-label for children with autism. Side-effects include abnormal dreams and thinking, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, flu-like symptoms, increased appetite, sleepiness, weakness, and weight gain. In clinical studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of mirtazapine or any other antidepressant in a child or adolescent must balance this risk with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Revia - Vivitrol |
naltrexone |
This medication may be prescribed for autistic children to help improve ability to socialize and make eye contact, and also to help reduce pain sensitivity, self-injury behaviors, and repetitive behaviors. Revia is indicated for people who are trying to stop an addiction to alcohol or opioids (e.g., morphine or heroin). This drug is an opioid antagonist, so it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the binding of alcohol or other drugs to the receptors, thus blocking the opiates from having an effect so the person will stop their addiction. Some children with autism have higher than normal levels of beta-endorphins in their nervous system, and naltrexone can lower beta-endorphin levels. An extended release injectable form is also available and is called Vivitrol. |
| Risperdal | risperidone | Available as tablets, oral solution, or orally-disintegrating tablets, this psychotropic medication is used to treat: 1) aggression, irritability, and severe behavior problems in autistic children 5-16 years old; 2) bipolar mania in individuals 10 years old and up; and 3) schizophrenia in adolescents and adults. Side effects might include weight gain, increased appetite, and sleepy or groggy feelings. Risperdal Consta, an injectable form of risperidone, is usually used to treat schizophrenia in adults. |
| Ritalin - Methylin |
methylphenidate hydrochloride | Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Methylin Oral, or Methylin are mild central nervous system stimulants that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce hyperactivity and repetitive movements. Methylphenidate is indicated for treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (falling asleep at the wrong times). |
| Rozerem | ramelteon | Ramelteon is an oral medication (tablets) for treatment of insomnia (an inability to sleep well). Ramelteon stimulates melatonin receptors in the nervous system, thereby promoting sleepiness. Many children with autism have problems sleeping and ramelteon is currently being tested for effectiveness in children with autism. |
| Sarafem | fluoxetine hydrochloride | Sarafem is an antidepressant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help decrease aggression and depression. It can also help reduce repetitive behaviors, and improve language and social interactions. Sarafem is indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a syndrome associated with menstruation in adult women. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Sporanox | itraconazole | Sporanox is prescribed to treat serious fungal infections which may invade any part of the body including mouth, throat, lungs, or nails. |
| Stablon - Coaxil - Tatinol |
tianeptine | Other trade names are Coaxil (Europe) and Tatinol (Asia and Latin America). Drug currently approved for use in France that is an antidepressant. Tianeptine is a serotonin reuptake enhancer. This mechanism of action differs from many antidepressants that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Tianeptine has also been used to treat asthma in children, erectile dysfunction in men, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). |
| Strattera | atomoxetine hydrochloride | Strattera may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to help with hyperactivity, obsessions, and other behavior problems. Strattera is usually prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera works by changing the ways some neurons are turned on and off. One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Symbyax | fluoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine | Medication containing a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. Symbyax is indicated for treatment of depression in bipolar disorder. Symbyax contains an antidepressant (fluoxetine) and an antipsychotic (olanzapine). Symbyax may be prescribed for people with autism to decrease anger, aggression, and repetitive movements; and to improve social interactions. |
| Tenex - Intuniv | guanfacine | Tenex or Intuniv (extended release form) stimulates certain receptors in the brain and nervous system. Guanfacine is indicated for lowering blood pressure and improving attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Guanfacine may also be prescribed off-label for sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anti-social behaviors, oppositional disorder, and Tourette’s disorder. |
| Thorazine - Thorazine Spansule | chlorpromazine | Thorazine Spansule is the name for the sustained-release form. Chlorpromazine is available in tablet or injection form, and as suppositories. In children 1-12 years old, Thorazine may be prescribed for the treatment of severe behavioral problems such as combativeness and/or explosive hyperexcitable behavior. It is also prescribed for short-term treatment of hyperactive children who show excessive motor activity and conduct disorders that may include impulsivity, difficulty sustaining attention, aggressiveness, mood swings, and poor frustration tolerance. Thorazine is approved for the treatment of a number of other different conditions, including schizophrenia, severe nausea and vomiting, manic type of manic-depressive disorder. |
| Tofranil | imipramine hydrochloride | Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that is usually prescribed for depression, and for childhood enuresis (bed-wetting). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Topamax | topiramate | Topamax is an anticonvulsant that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce irritability and self-injuring behaviors. Topamax can also help reduce seizures. Topamax is indicated for reducing seizures in people with epilepsy for ages 2 years old and up; and also for preventing migraine headaches. Topamax is available as tablets and as sprinkle capsules that can be taken as a whole capsule or sprinkled on food. This medication may have a side effect of metabolic acidosis (the blood getting too acidic). People taking this medication need to be monitored closely by a medical professional and may require regular blood tests. |
| Trileptal | oxcarbazepine | This anti-seizure medication affects the way neurons are turned on and off. People with autism who also have seizures might be prescribed this medication. Anti-seizure medicines may not completely eliminate seizures but might reduce the number of seizures. Doses and blood levels of this medication often need to be watched closely by a doctor or other health care professional. |
| Valium - Diastat |
diazepam | Valium is a sedative that may be prescribed for people with autism to help reduce aggression and anxiety, or for seizures. It also comes as Valium Injection, or Diastat, a rectal gel form. The response to diazepam can vary between individuals with autism, so each individual should be monitored carefully. Diazepam is indicated for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as supplemental medication for severe seizure disorders. |
| Versenate | edetate calcium disodium | Versenate chelates or strongly binds to divalent and trivalent metals including lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, and mercury. Versenate is usually prescribed for metal poisoning, particularly lead. Versenate may be used in children with autism to reduce heavy metals in their body in an effort to improve behaviors. While Versenate may be prescribed for children, serious side effects (including death) can occur as a result of Versenate therapy. Versenate has been confused with Endrate (edentate disodium), which is usually administered only to adults under emergency circumstances because of the risk of death. Endrate should not be used in children, according to the FDA and the CDC. Any chelation therapy in children should be administered under careful medical supervision. |
| Xanax | alprazolam | Alprazolam is one of a type of medications called benzodiazepines. It works by helping restore chemical balance in the brain when there are imbalances that may cause anxiety. Alprazolam is typically used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and anxiety caused by depression. It may also be prescribed off-label for people with autism. Caution: alprazolam may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Alprazolam should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. The medication should be kept in a secure place where others cannot get to it. |
| Zoloft | sertraline hydrochloride | Zoloft is an antidepressant that may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and repetitive behaviors in people with autism. Zoloft is indicated for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). One possible serious side effect is increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults. The risk of this side effect needs to be weighed carefully with the clinical need. Families should be aware of the need for close observation of the child or adolescent taking this medication, and maintain communication with the doctor who prescribed it. |
| Zyprexa | olanzapine |
Zyprexa is a psychotropic medication that may be prescribed off-label for people with autism to reduce disruptive and repetitive behaviors. Zyprexa® is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (mania). Zyprexa Intramuscular is indicated for the treatment of agitation in people with schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Zyprexa works as a dopamine and serotonin type 2 antagonist, and has other effects on the nervous system. Side effects can include weight gain, increased appetite, and dry mouth. Other forms of this medication are called Zyprexa Zydis, or Zyprexa Intramuscular. |









Please comment on this autism topic.
re: Guanfacine
Feb 15, 2012 by AnonymousMy son is 8 years old, diagnosed with autism, seizure disorder and vocal and motor tics. We have decided to put him on medication. His attention span is zero. We tried Ritalin, but it backfired. We are now trying guanfacine. It has been a few days at 1/2 mg twice a day. I have seen moderate improvement in his hyperactivity and tics. Last night, about 45 minutes after his dose, he became very sedated. More than I care for. Do these side effects become more pronounced or less after he gets used to the drug? It has been a very difficult decision to put him on medication. But at this point, it's either him or I. :(
I'm on-board...by myself
Jan 23, 2009 by dankohnWinter stinks. I'm serious. I've had it up to here, literally, with the snow. And I can't stand the cold. The older I get, the harder it is for me to just breathe outside in sub-zero temperatures. The Norman Rockwell imagery is only enticing up to and including Christmas. After that, those images get old. As winter goes on, they become a source of contempt and scorn. My sister lives in California and she laughs and laughs when she says, "Gee, it sure is cold here. It got down to fifty degrees overnight!"
Strangely enough, the cold weather seems to affect the kids not at all. Last week, the kids had an unexpected five-day weekend. School was cancelled Thursday, Friday and Martin Luther King Jr. Day was Monday. A nice little mini-break during which we had NOTHING to do because we couldn't leave the house. Actually, the car did start on Thursday so I took the kids to Target. We wandered aimlessly before picking up Jonathan's blood pressure medications and then one of the wisest, most useful purchases I've ever made: a heated mattress pad. It's wonderful. It's like slipping into a hot tub in bed at night. I can't stand sheets made from anything other than at least 250 thread-count cotton, so flannel sheets are out. I need smooth, but the cotton ones get so cold. Ha - not anymore. Thanks for the gift card, Aunt Sally! We used it well.
Speaking of beds, Thomas is still playing musical beds at night. He is getting better, though. He will come in every other night or so. This morning, he did wait until after Jonathan got up for work to come into our bed. That's our little rule; they can't come in until Daddy gets up for work. Hayley disregards this rule entirely. She usually comes in around 1 a.m. (I think...) but she's such a good snuggler. If I'm still up when she comes in, I send her back to her bed. Lately, since we've been using this heated mattress pad, if I've got mine on (there are separate controls for each side of the bed) and Hayley's snuggled up against me, I wake up soaked with my own, and also some of Hayley's, sweat.
Thomas has been doing really well in school. Last Tuesday when I was in class, the teacher had each of the kids take a dry-erase board and a marker and sit on the floor and practice writing words. This seemed like something we could do at home, so I took a huge dry-erase board from an easel that nobody uses, cut it in half with a jigsaw, and now Thomas and I spend a few minutes every day writing what his teacher calls "popcorn" words; words that come up in conversation a lot. Words like can, today, we, him, she, it, etc. I also pick a really simple book from our shelf and try to get him to sound out words with me. Most of the time he is very reluctant and complains and whines about it. The fact is that he simply does not like to read or write. He might like to read if he learned how, but I don't think that writing will ever be his favorite thing to do. Hayley loves to do it mostly because she lives for praise from grown-ups. Thomas gets shy and anxious when Jonathan and I praise him for his efforts. We try to keep that kind of thing to a minimum, just saying, "Good, okay, what's the next word?" If we don't jump up and down and clap our hands and shout, he's okay. Hayley loves the jumping and clapping.
Today Thomas saw the occupational therapist. She came out to talk to me while the kids were getting their coats on. She mentioned how much improved Thomas is at writing his name. When we try to write it at home, Thomas makes such big letters or he starts writing in a spot that doesn't give him enough room to finish his whole name. The OT gave him a very long strip of paper today, so he was able to fit all the letters on it. He sometimes makes the letter "s" backwards, but she told me that they don't get concerned about that until second grade. He also needs to work on his lower-case "h" and "n" since they look very similar. Other than that, she said he's doing really well and she's noticed an improvement. Something I forgot to ask her was if she's noticed Thomas needing a lot more OT since after winter break, which has always been a hard time for him. Nobody has said anything and the extra OT minutes are built into his schedule this time of year, so if he needs it, he's getting it.
So far, we haven't noticed any side-effects from the Strattera. I don't know if it's really doing anything for him, but that's what we said about the Focalin until we took him off of it. It had been making a tremendous difference...along with a disconcerting facial tic. Jonathan works with a woman whose boyfriend's son is autistic with symptoms of ADHD. She said that this young man had developed an extremely pronounced facial tic while taking Ritalin or Focalin or something...one of the stimulants, anyway. She said that he was switched to Strattera too and hasn't had any tic problems and the medication seems to work for him. Thomas has been taking it for just over two weeks. The doctor said it needs to ramp up in his system for about four weeks before we might notice a difference, so I'm counting the days. I'm also supposed to call her around February 7 to let her know how things are going. She may decide to raise the dose from 10 mg to 18 mg. The lower dose of Focalin didn't produce a facial tic, but the higher one did. We'll see. At least we don't get bored, having to constantly observe our child for signs of one of the millions of side-effects of these meds.
I had the chance to speak to an old college friend of mine that I got in touch with on Facebook earlier this month. It just so happens that his own son was diagnosed with autism as well. He and his wife are 100% sure it was the 18 month MMR shot because he had been doing fine; meeting milestones and developing normally until he had that shot. He lost all of his words over the course of the week following the shot and was a completely different kid one week after the shot. I know that there are a lot of people out there who have dismissed vaccines as a cause of autism (mostly doctors and drug companies, no?), but it's stories like this one from my friend that really make me wonder.
I'm starting to think that autism is not caused by one thing only. I think that vaccines could cause it, but I don't think that Thomas' autism was caused by a shot. He never "lost" words; he just never had any words to lose until he started speech therapy. I really wonder a lot about the flu shot I had in my third trimester with Thomas; my doctor told me to get one, so I did. I wonder if something funky happened with that. The other possibility is that Jonathan was working on a job site during the time Thomas was conceived and while I was pregnant. This site was known to have heavy metals in the soil and Jonathan had to have blood tests before he started working there and after he finished the job to make sure he wasn't poisoned. I don't know if that kind of thing can get into sperm; it would seem that if it did, the sperm would be incapacitated and therefore unable to do its genetic job. Who knows? I'm not a doctor. But I do wonder if Jonathan went to work, put his dirty (heavy metals-laden) jeans and socks in the laundry basket, and then I handled those clothes, shaking them out occasionally and probably releasing all kinds of toxins in the air that I must have inhaled. It's my best guess at this point.
My friend with the autistic son pretty much considers his boy "recovered" due to their strict gluten and casein-free (GFCF) diet. I've really been wondering if we should try it. Of course, this is no time to be spending hundreds more per month on groceries, but I do wonder if Thomas would benefit from it. Jonathan does not want to do it, but purely for selfish reasons, I think. If one person in the house is GFCF, the whole family has to be. I must admit, it would be hard for us; I myself am a bread and pasta junkie, but if Thomas could "recover," my God - how could we not do it? I'm going to check out my buddy's wife's website, gfcfdoneeasy.com, and see if it really can be done easily. For as hard as it would be on Jonathan and I (I don't think Hayley would care much; she never eats that much anyway), it would hands-down be hardest on Thomas. I'll have to think about it a lot more, but I'm really beginning to think we should try it. If it doesn't work, it doesn't work and we can go back to our usual eating habits. But what if it does work? I've heard different statistics about it, saying that anywhere from 60% to 80% of autistic or special-needs kids benefit in some way from a GFCF diet.
The problem is, we all have to be on-board. Right now, I'm on this little board all by myself.
Let's go to the hop!
Jan 9, 2009 by dankohnAs is usual, Christmas and New Year’s have come and gone in the blink of an eye. Did I enjoy it? I can’t remember…it really was a blur. Actually, I noticed that I enjoyed the holiday season less than usual which breaks my heart. Being so worried about Jonathan’s job and money put a damper on things, but we made merry nevertheless. The kids had a great time opening presents and stuffing their faces with junk food from Christmas Eve all the way through Christmas night. Everyone was very generous as usual, especially Santa. Thomas loved his bicycle and actually was pleased to wear the helmet as he rode the bike around the living room, sending knick-knacks and cats flying, as I foresaw.
One shocker, however, was that the bike was not his favorite present. Mrs. Claus saw in Barnes & Noble one of those Klutz kits with a human skeleton and book in it. Mr. Claus was not enthusiastic about buying it, believing that young Thomas wouldn’t really care for it. Was Mr. Claus ever wrong! Thomas loves that skeleton so much that it is still in one piece and he puts it in its little display case every time he’s done playing with it! He also got a pop-up book about the human body which he really seems to get into.
Hayley has not yet shown an aptitude for any specific area of academia. She got the Barbie Overpriced Diamond Castle and several of the dolls that go along with and she was quite thrilled with that. Both of the kids got clothes from certain people, and those people know who they are, and I thank them most heartily.
I took the tree down on December 28, a full two days later than usual. It was also a forty-degree day so we went outside with the new bike while I took down the outside lights. The kids toys are getting smaller (and more expensive) so we didn’t immediately need the room in the house occupied by the tree. Thomas eventually conceded that the bicycle should live in the garage which was a huge win for me. We re-arranged Hayley’s room to accommodate Barbie’s new digs with little trouble and I just purged all of the old give-away stuff from the kids’ rooms. I’m going to start on the closets and dressers in all the rooms next.
New Year’s was a quiet affair. My sister, her new husband, and my other sister came over and we played games and tossed back a few. Very low-key and we didn’t have to find a babysitter since everyone came to us! That kind of New Year’s, with my sisters and brother-in-law is beginning to be a tradition because we did it last year too. I’d be happy if we did that kind of thing every New Year’s forever.
The rest of the holiday break went swiftly…It felt like it flew by. This past Tuesday, we saw Thomas’ neurologist for a check-up. We both lamented the bad luck that the Focalin, while immensely helpful for Thomas’ ADHD symptoms, also caused that disturbing facial tic. She has started him on Strattera which is for ADHD symptoms, but is not a stimulant like Ritalin or the others. It can still cause tics, but maybe it won’t because it works differently. He’s going to continue with the Clonidine as well because that happens to be an anti-tic medication in addition to all of the other things it can do. Strattera is a medication that “banks” or “ramps up” in your system, so it may be four to six weeks before we notice any improvements. Or tics. But I’m trying to stay optimistic. I told his service team at school that he is on this new medication and they should observe and report.
The first week back to school was great for Thomas, mostly because he spent all of break asking when he’d go back to school again. He really enjoys it, or he needs it; either way, he’s cool with school. My brother-in-law and his fiancée gave Thomas and Hayley their own little dry-erase boards for Christmas and I had a brainstorm yesterday as I was cleaning and de-crapitizing (I made that word up, but I bet you know what it means). I decided to draw a little picture schedule for Thomas on his board to help him get dressed in the morning. He has such a difficult time completing multi-step tasks. I cannot just tell him, “Go get dressed.” He has to have constant verbal cues about what to do next. So I drew little pictures for him on the board: taking off pajamas, putting on shirt, putting on pants and putting on socks and shoes. Here’s the problem: Thomas can’t read and I’m not a very good artist. So we have to kind of work on it together. The whole point eventually is for Thomas to not need the visual cues anymore and just get dressed when I ask him to. Hopefully, by springtime he’ll have it down. That’s a good goal, I think.
Today at school there was a sock-hop for all of the kids who didn’t have any “office referrals” (that’s “not being sent to the principal’s office” to you and me). Since kindergartners are generally never sent to the principal’s office, the whole class got to go and Thomas’ teacher said that she wished I had been there to see! He danced with a nice girl in his class (holding hands, even!) and he did the Bunny Hop with the other kids…he completely participated and even enjoyed himself a lot, it seemed. Actually, the girl that he was dancing with has been his “special friend” lately and the teacher has had to remind Thomas about personal space. This little girl is a sweetheart and very smart; she can already read, actually…but I thanked her for dancing with Thomas today.
So the weather here is crummy again. Those meteorologists should all be canned. The high here next Wednesday is zero. Zero degrees is the high. Honestly, if we can’t make the house payment or buy food, it’s not going to be because Jonathan was laid off! It’ll be because of the awful weather! At least there’s nothing you can do about the weather. Nobody’s to blame.
Hopefully, we’ll have a good few days sometime late next week (or next month…or never) to make a snowman and take the kids sledding. Thomas really loved sledding last year and I’d love to take him again. I’m still waiting for weather conditions to be right for taking them to school on a sled like a mush-dog.
For now, we’re holed-up in our little house, peering hopefully through the curtains every day looking for sunshine, crossing our fingers as the car sluggishly cranks and then barely catches on those coldest mornings, being thankful that we have heat and what we need to get by for now. Taking it one day at a time, I guess.
Teacher's pet
Sep 12, 2008 by dankohnHere I sit, at my computer, without anybody to interrupt or deter me from my cathartic writing! That’s right; both Thomas and Hayley are at school and I have approximately one hour before I have to fetch Thomas and then Hayley. Hey, it’s better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick, as my father-in-law used to say.
The waterpark last weekend was a success! The kids (and we, the parents) had a great time riding the slides and splashing around. Thomas liked the wavepool the best. He really enjoyed diving under the waves and letting them wash him ashore. The only problem with that was that he liked to float, face-down in the surf like a drowned person. He got more than a few concerned looks from lifeguards, but I waved their concern away and they saw Thomas stand up a few seconds later. Thomas got really upset at one point, actually. I was with him in the wavepool and Jonathan wanted to float down the Lazy River with Hayley in an inner tube. They needed help being shoved into the current and I told Thomas that I was going to help them. He didn’t hear me very well because he kept going underwater and was really upset when he couldn’t see me when he came up for air. He started crying, even! It’s such a comfort to know that he does worry when he can’t see Jonathan or me. It cuts down on our anxiety about him just wandering off.
Another issue we discovered while at the waterpark was that Thomas is not especially assertive with other children. There were kiddie slides that were being “monitored” by a lifeguard. Thomas stands in line okay with Jonathan or me, but when he’s in line by himself, he tends to dance around a bit. He was waiting in line for a turn to go down the snake slide and other kids were just going right in front of him. Jonathan was up at the top of the slide helping the kids go down, and he came down after a few turns and said, “Go up there and see! It’s Thunderdome! No rules! ‘Two man enter, one man leave!’” The lifeguard wasn’t especially strict with the whole turn-taking idea, so we explained to Thomas that when it’s his turn, he should go down and if another kid attempted to “cut” in line, he should say something. The fallout of this was that on the playground on Wednesday, after we picked Hayley up from preschool, he was pretty snippy with a little girl who wanted a turn on the teeter-totter. He said, “Hey! No, it’s my turn next!” She wasn’t really attempting to cut in line, but Thomas perceived her presence as such and was a little pushy about it. So we have to work on that. But the waterpark trip was a success and the kids enjoyed spending the night in a hotel. It was very romantic for me and Jonathan as well. I slept in one bed with Hayley and Jonathan slept in the other with Thomas. As usual, no making-out.
School is going great for both kids. I will be volunteering in Thomas’ classroom on Tuesdays now. I helped out this past Tuesday and I was concerned that Thomas might behave differently in class if I was there. Hayley came with, of course, and now has a little boyfriend. They kept holding hands and putting their arms around each other’s shoulders. We’re going to have to watch her, apparently from now until her wedding day, which she is already planning.
I did some filing for the teacher and cleaned up the coffee she spilled in the hallway on our way to the library. The teacher and library staff were so nice to Hayley, letting her participate and even check out a book although she’s not technically a student. The librarian thought that Thomas and Hayley were twins. I’ve been getting that a lot lately.
I was really worried that Thomas wouldn’t react well to my being in class. Jonathan and I explained to him that he would have to act like I wasn’t even there; just do what the teacher told him and that she is the boss when he’s at school, even if I’m there. To tell you the truth, I had a harder time ignoring Thomas! Every time he didn’t immediately follow the teacher’s instructions, I wanted to say, “Do what your teacher said! Go put your folder in the tray!” I had to stifle my own words on more than one occasion. Hopefully, I’ll get better at it. I know that his teacher appreciated my help and she said that I’ll be helping the kids with reading eventually, and learning computer programs. She told me that she feels like she’s known me forever, and I kind of feel the same way. We have a very easy manner between us. We discovered that she is exactly one week older than Jonathan and we were all at NIU together. Far out!
Oh yeah, the Focalin. We had to take Thomas off the Focalin because he developed a facial tic. He kept opening his mouth as if to yawn before speaking. It was becoming disturbing to us, so I called the doctor (who is out of the office this week) and the nurse called back to say “Stop the Focalin!” Remember how I said that the Focalin wasn’t doing anything for him? Well, it seems that it was. I’ve noticed an increase in rambunctious behavior and general nervous energy since stopping the meds. I was concerned about that. I thought the Focalin wasn’t helping because he was being better, but I didn’t notice until we stopped it. I’m supposed to call the doctor later today and tell them how he’s doing. I’m not sure what we can do now; all of those Ritalin-type medications carry the risk of developing a tic, and it appears as though Thomas is susceptible to that. We’ll see what they say, but he is still doing okay in school, I guess. I’m not going to ask the teacher until next week if she’s noticed a change in Thomas. If I tell her that he’s stopped the Focalin, she might be looking too hard for a behavior change and I’d rather wait until I see her again on Tuesday to mention it.
This weekend will be quiet. We’re doing nothing tomorrow and Sunday we’re going to what will most likely turn out to be an indoor BBQ if Hurricane Ike makes its way up to Chicago.